Theorists Flashcards
What type of conversation does Pamela Fishman 1980 analyse?
Mix sex conversations
Pamela fishman 1980 said that woman asked 263 questions compared to the men’s 107.
What does she argue women use questions to do?
To try to generate or sustain interaction with male speakers
Which theorist does Pamela Fishman question?
Lakoff’s
Did male speaker is statements more than women and if so by how much? In Pamela Fishman’s analysis 1980
Twice as often than females and the women nearly always responded to the statements.
Suggesting males feel that they don’t have to make as much effort to get a woman’s response.
In Pamela Fishman’s analysis how many topics where introduced by each sex?
45 = women, 17 lead to extended conversation. 28 = men, all were successfully developed.
What community did Zimmerman and West do their study in, in 1975?
College community
What did Zimmerman and West find in their 1975 study about same sex conversations?
Interruptions were distributed fairly evenly a,on get speakers
In cross sex conversations Zimmerman and West 1975 found that…
Men were responsible for 96% of the interruptions
Why do ales interrupt according to Zimmerman and West?
To prevent females from talking and to gain the floor on their own discussion
What did O’Barr and Atkins discover?
The differences that Lakoff and others supported were not necessarily the result of being a woman but of being powerless.
How did O’Barr and Atkins try and prove their point?
They used 3 men and 3 women.
What did O’Barr and Atkins try to emphasise?
That a powerful position may derive from either social standing in the larger society and/or status accorded by the court.
What is Deborah Jones 1990 study about?
Women's oral culture - gossip: House talk Scandal Bitching Chatting
Deborah Jones 1990
House talk =
Exchange of information and resources connected with the female role as an occupation
Deborah Jones 1990
Scandal
Consider judging behaviour of others (mainly women). Usually in terms of the domestic morality
Deborah Jones 1990
Bitching is…
An overt expression of women’s anger at their restricted role and inferior status.
Express in private and other women only.
Not expecting change, want to ake complaints I’m environment where anger is understood & expected
Deborah Jones 1990
Chatting is
The most intimate form of gossip
Robin Lakoff 1975 published an influential account of women’s language. True or false?
True
In Zimmerman and West’s analysis how many interruptions did men use compared to women?
Male = 46, to show dominance. Females = 2
Deborah Tannen 1990
thinks that women and men use different language because
They have different cultures
Name the 6 needs Tannen 1990 states we have
Status vs support Independence vs intimacy Advise vs understanding Information vs feelings Orders vs proposals Conflict vs compromise
Tannen 1990
Status vs support:
Men = prevent others from dominating them, competitive. Gain status and keep it.
Whereas for women it is…
Women = way to gain confirmation and support for their ideas
“Network of connections seeking support”
Tannen 1990
Independence vs intimacy
Women struggle to preserve intimacy, men are concerned with status.
Give an example for each.
Women (party invite…) check with husband, likes to tell people has to check.
Me invite without asking otherwise would be admitting low status.
Tannen 1990
Advice vs understanding
Believes that women complain for sympathy, whereas, men see it as
as a challenge to find a solution
Tannen 1990
Information vs feelings
In phone call a man will arrange where to meet and why…
Whereas women…
Talk longer and mainly do “grooming talk” and comment on feelings
Tannen 1990
Orders vs proposals
Men like to use and hear a direct imperative.
Women often…
Suggest things in indirect ways
E.G. “Why don’t we…?”
Jennifer Coates 2003 investigated…
The stereotypes
E.G. Men talk compulsively and competitively about sport cars and drinking.
Jennifer Coates 2003 says that conversations have 2 main components :
Discussion and
narrative = beginning, middle and end.
Coates 2003
States that women tell more stories than men and that men’s stories are 20% about home life whereas female = 53% set in the home life
True!
Deborah Jones 1990 oral culture:
House talk =
House talk = exchange info connected to role/occupation
Deborah Jones 1990 oral culture:
Scandal =
Judging
Deborah Jones 1990 oral culture:
Bitching =
Expression of anger/complaints
Deborah Jones 1990 oral culture:
Chatting =
Intimate form of gossip, job = to nurture others
What does Janet Holmes state?
Women can be as well educated as men if not better
And people change their speech to match the person they are talking to.
Peter Trudgill 1974 studied
Pronunciation of the “ -ing” suffix
What did Peter Trudgill (1974) find out about men compared to women?
In self evaluation me suggested that they died the non standard from even when they hadn’t.
Women did the opposite (said sued standard) even when hadn’t
Who supports Peter Tridgills 1974 findings?
Jenny Cheshire
