theories + theorists

Question 1

Jane Goodall

Answer 1

observed chimp behaviour:

-alike to humans aggressive behaviour
-bipedal
-fight for territory (warfare)
-made and used simple tools

Question 2

Leakys

Answer 2

Olduvai Gorge

Dear Boy:
-confirmed humans orignated from Africa
-found on floor of Stone Age near stone tools with stone edges

Laetoli footprints:
-confirmed our ancestors walked uprgiht because of arch in foot and heel-to-toe print

Question 3

Johanson

Answer 3

Lucy:
-40% skeleton (first reconstructable skeleton)
-bipedal (slant in femur and pelvic bone)
-was treated like a God
-australopithicus afarensus

Question 4

Darwin/Wallace

Answer 4

HMS beagle brought him to Galapagos islands

-theory of evolution

-natural selection

“on the origin of species:
-no two species are the exact same because of heritability, variation, and adaptation

“descent of man”:
-humans originated from one common ancestor (out of Africa theory)
-“survival of the fittest”: the members of a species that survive pass their genes onto their offspring, and the ones that dont go extinct

Question 5

Dart

Answer 5

Taung:
-first to say that humans originated from Africa, not from Asia
-australopithicus africanus
-human traits but primate brain size

Question 6

Locke

Answer 6

nurture:
-learned behaviour that takes place over ones lifetime
-children are blank slates “tabula rasa”
-parents need to take advantage of early years
-what happens during one’s childhood profoundly impacts an individual

Question 7

Rousseau

Answer 7

nature:
-innate behaviour thats inherited through DNA
-children are capable of discovering the world without much of parents help

Question 8

Margaret Mead

Answer 8

observed gender roles are learned based on the environment in which you are raised

traits associated with being feminine/masculine are a result of nurture and early learning, not nature

her findings shifted the idea that the standard gender roles are natural

Question 9

Marvin Harris

Answer 9

cultural materialism

believes culture develops in 3 ways:
-infrastructure: natural material ressources (oil, land, space, population) (what land has to offer)
-structure: familial, political, economic, and social systems
-superstructure: values, ideas, and religion

Question 10

Freud

Answer 10

psychoanalysis + unconscious catharsis

psychosexual stages + id, ego, superego + defence mechanisms

Question 11

James

Answer 11

functionalism:
-adaptation to the environment, unconscious

Question 12

Wundt

Answer 12

structuralism:
-structure of unconscious
-strict and controlled in labs
-attention, perception, & sensation

Question 13

Watson

Answer 13

behaviourism:
-how humans react to the environment through their behaviour
-conscious

Question 14

Maslow

Answer 14

humanism:
-conscious freedom & freewill

hierarchy of needs

Question 15

Piaget

Answer 15

cognitive:
-studies how people think, perceive, learn, and remember
-conscious and unconscious mind
-personal, biological, quantitive, developmental, clinical, social, experimental

concrete to abstract

Question 16

Bandura

Answer 16

observational learning:
-takes place whole life
-“monkey see monkey do”
-attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

Question 17

Skinner

Answer 17

experimented on rats

operant conditioning:
-stimulus must proceed response
-less instinctive
-reward and punishment basis
-humans want positive things

Question 18

Pavlov

Answer 18

experimented on dogs

classical conditioning:
-stimulus must precede response
-instinctive, habitual, associative

Question 19

Harlow

Answer 19

rhesus monkeys experiment

concluded:
-early childhood years are important for developing the ability to feel and express emotions

Question 20

Adler

Answer 20

people grow up dealing with feelings of inferiority

Question 21

Jung

Answer 21

behaviour is motivated by opposing tendencies

collective unconscious stores daily symbols and images

Question 22

Horney

Answer 22

those who experience love and safety while growing up, develop healthy personalities and dont resort to defense mechanisms

Question 23

Stenburg

Answer 23

love attitude scale:
commitment, passion, and intimacy

Question 24

Lee

Answer 24

6 love styles:
-game-laying
-romantic
-passionate
-compassionate
-pragmatic
-altruistic

Question 25

Selye

Answer 25

stress stages:
-alarm: fight or flight
-resistance: continued stress in body
-exhaustion: physical limit reached

Question 26

Cooley

Answer 26

we’re a reflection of how others see us

Question 27

Rogers

Answer 27

people develop healthy personalities and do things that are the best for them

Question 28

Eriskon

Answer 28

our personalities develop throughout our whole lives, not just childhood

Question 29

G. Mead

Answer 29

our personalities develop through interacting with others and the 3 game-laying stages

Question 30

Weber

Answer 30

symbolic interactionism

Question 31

Marx

Answer 31

conflict theory

Question 32

Comte

Answer 32

founding father of sociology

Question 33

Durkheim

Answer 33

structural functionalism

Question 34

Smith

Answer 34

feminist theory

Question 35

Richard Lazarus

Answer 35

stress cognitive appraisal:
-an individual first appraises the threat, then thinks about how to deal with it
-an individual’s judgement of a threat and how to deal with it

Question 36

Howard Gardener

Answer 36

multiple intelligences

Question 37

Pinel

Answer 37

first psychologist to introduce modern treatments for mental illness