theories + theorists Flashcards
Jane Goodall
observed chimp behaviour:
-alike to humans aggressive behaviour
-bipedal
-fight for territory (warfare)
-made and used simple tools
Leakys
Olduvai Gorge
Dear Boy:
-confirmed humans orignated from Africa
-found on floor of Stone Age near stone tools with stone edges
Laetoli footprints:
-confirmed our ancestors walked uprgiht because of arch in foot and heel-to-toe print
Johanson
Lucy:
-40% skeleton (first reconstructable skeleton)
-bipedal (slant in femur and pelvic bone)
-was treated like a God
-australopithicus afarensus
Darwin/Wallace
HMS beagle brought him to Galapagos islands
-theory of evolution
-natural selection
“on the origin of species:
-no two species are the exact same because of heritability, variation, and adaptation
“descent of man”:
-humans originated from one common ancestor (out of Africa theory)
-“survival of the fittest”: the members of a species that survive pass their genes onto their offspring, and the ones that dont go extinct
Dart
Taung:
-first to say that humans originated from Africa, not from Asia
-australopithicus africanus
-human traits but primate brain size
Locke
nurture:
-learned behaviour that takes place over ones lifetime
-children are blank slates “tabula rasa”
-parents need to take advantage of early years
-what happens during one’s childhood profoundly impacts an individual
Rousseau
nature:
-innate behaviour thats inherited through DNA
-children are capable of discovering the world without much of parents help
Margaret Mead
observed gender roles are learned based on the environment in which you are raised
traits associated with being feminine/masculine are a result of nurture and early learning, not nature
her findings shifted the idea that the standard gender roles are natural
Marvin Harris
cultural materialism
believes culture develops in 3 ways:
-infrastructure: natural material ressources (oil, land, space, population) (what land has to offer)
-structure: familial, political, economic, and social systems
-superstructure: values, ideas, and religion
Freud
psychoanalysis + unconscious catharsis
psychosexual stages + id, ego, superego + defence mechanisms
James
functionalism:
-adaptation to the environment, unconscious
Wundt
structuralism:
-structure of unconscious
-strict and controlled in labs
-attention, perception, & sensation
Watson
behaviourism:
-how humans react to the environment through their behaviour
-conscious
Maslow
humanism:
-conscious freedom & freewill
hierarchy of needs
Piaget
cognitive:
-studies how people think, perceive, learn, and remember
-conscious and unconscious mind
-personal, biological, quantitive, developmental, clinical, social, experimental
concrete to abstract
Bandura
observational learning:
-takes place whole life
-“monkey see monkey do”
-attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
Skinner
experimented on rats
operant conditioning:
-stimulus must proceed response
-less instinctive
-reward and punishment basis
-humans want positive things
Pavlov
experimented on dogs
classical conditioning:
-stimulus must precede response
-instinctive, habitual, associative
Harlow
rhesus monkeys experiment
concluded:
-early childhood years are important for developing the ability to feel and express emotions
Adler
people grow up dealing with feelings of inferiority
Jung
behaviour is motivated by opposing tendencies
collective unconscious stores daily symbols and images
Horney
those who experience love and safety while growing up, develop healthy personalities and dont resort to defense mechanisms
Stenburg
love attitude scale:
commitment, passion, and intimacy
Lee
6 love styles:
-game-laying
-romantic
-passionate
-compassionate
-pragmatic
-altruistic
