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Sociology Belifs In Society > Theories of Religion > Flashcards

Theories of Religion Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Religion and consensus

A

Prevents society from disintegrating and promotes social solidarity, also helps us to deal with stresses that would otherwise disrupt society

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2
Q

Religion and and capitalism

A

Marxists see religion as conservative ideology that prevents social change by legitimating and disguising inequality. It creates false consciousness in working class and prevents revolution

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3
Q

how do feminist see religion Feminists

A

See religion as a conservative force as it is an ideology that legitimates patriarchal power and maintains women’s surbordination in the family and wider society

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4
Q

Conservative

A

Keeping things the same

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5
Q

Religion as a conservative force

A

“Traditional” upholds moral views
Stabilises society
Functions to preserve things the same way

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6
Q

Religions conservative beliefs

A

People who hold conservative views about religion oppose changes that would allow allow people to have sexual freedom

They uphold family values and favour a traditional patriarchal domestic division of labour

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7
Q

Substantive definitions of religion

A

focus on the content of the religious belief. they are defined as being exclusive- they draw a key line between what is religion and what is not

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8
Q

How Weber 1905 define religion

A

Defines religion in a supernatural or superior power that is above nature and cannot he defined scientifically

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9
Q

Functional definitions of religion

A

focuses on functions religion provides for group/individual such as psychological functions

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10
Q

How does Durkheim define religion

A

defines religion in terms of the contribution it makes to social integration

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11
Q

How does yinger (1970)

A

Identifies functions that religion performs for individuals, such as answering ultimate questions about the meaning of life

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12
Q

social Constructionist definition of religion

A

They argue that there is not one universal definition for religion and who has the power to define what is religion.

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13
Q

How do functionalits see society

A

As being interdependent they condors society with the human body each institution performs certain functions just as the organs in the body

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14
Q

What us societies most basic needs

A

Social integration

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15
Q

Value consensus

A

Same values

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16
Q

What does Durkheim say is the key features of all religion

A

The distinction between sacred and profane

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17
Q

Sacred

A

Holy

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18
Q

Profane

A

Ordinary everyday things

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19
Q

Substance

A

supernatural

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20
Q

disadvantage of substantive definition of religion

A

excludes religion that doesn’t have a supernatural being such as Buddhism

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21
Q

advantage of substantive definition of religion

A

very clear boundary of religion

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22
Q

social integration

A

how we all come together

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23
Q

advantage of functional definition of religion

A

includes all religion-inclusive definition

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24
Q

disadvantage of functional definition of religion

A

two wide of a definition-too hard to classify

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25
Q

advantages of social constructionist definition of religion

A

looking at how religion gets constructed

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26
Q

disadvantages of social constructionist of religion

A

really hard to define religion

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27
Q

what are sacred things

A

symbols which evoke powerful feelings in believers- symbols represent of great power

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28
Q

what happens when people worship symbols

A

they are actually worshiping society itself

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29
Q

what does worshipping together do for believers?

A

unites believers into one single moral community with shared values and beliefs.

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30
Q

clan

A

band of of relatives insular community

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31
Q

ritual

A

religious practise with sacred meaning

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32
Q

Durkheim’s study

A

studied native tribe of Arunta aboriginal Australian tribe.
there was a clan system which means a community
bands of kin (relatives) come together to perform ritual worship of sacred totem

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33
Q

disadvantage of secondary sources

A

different understanding

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34
Q

what does a totem represent

A

emblem such such as a plant or animal that symbolises the clan’s origins and identity

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35
Q

what reinforces the clans solidarity

A

worshipping their values because it brings them together

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36
Q

Collective conscience

A

View that the groups view is more important than their view as an individual

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37
Q

Anomie

A

State of normlessness, ways to live or society will break down

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38
Q

Cognitive

A

Thinking and the brain

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39
Q

Malinowski

A

Share durkheims view in the function of religion
He developed Durkheim a theory
Religion helps individuals deal with emotional stress and that could undermine social solidarity. Religion helps to minimise disruption and funeral ritual reinforce feelings of social solidarity

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40
Q

Ocean fishing rituals

A

Where outcome is uncertain and uncontrollable

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41
Q

At times of life crisis

A

Hatch match dispatch malinowski argues that religion helps to deal with these and maintain social solidarity

42
Q

Parsons

A

Identifies 2 other functions of religion in modern society
Creates and legit images societies basic values and norms ( sacralising them) making them sacred promoting value consensus and solidarity

43
Q

Legitimates

A

Makes it legal

44
Q

Sacralising

A

Better than ordinary

45
Q

Civil religion

A

Relating to non religious religion

46
Q

Multicultural

A

Pluralistic

47
Q

Examples of civil religion

A

Worshipping the nation state

48
Q

Evaluation of functionalism

A

Neglects negative aspects such as religion as a source of religion if the poor or women

It ignores religion as a source of division and conflicts especially in complex modern societies where there is more than one religion

49
Q

Cognitive functions

A

The ability to reason and

50
Q

Who is the founder of Marxism

A

Carl Marx

51
Q

Marxist theory of religion

A

There will be no need for religion in a classless society

52
Q

Capitalism

A

Economy

53
Q

We rule you

A

Politicians

54
Q

We fool you

A

Religious leaders

55
Q

We control you

A

Police army

56
Q

We abuse you

A

Middle class

57
Q

We support you

A

Working class

58
Q

Capitalist

A

Owners of means of production

59
Q

Ideology

A

False belief

60
Q

Anomie

A

State of normlessness

State of ways to live society will break down

61
Q

The collective conscience

A

Is shared norms, values beliefs and knowledge that make social life and cooperation between individuals possible without these society would disintegrate

62
Q

In Durkheim what do the sacred symbols

A

Collective conscience or consciousness.

63
Q

What does Durkheim reinforces the collect conscience

A

Shared religious rituals. In a sense religion also performs an important function for the individual

64
Q

Cognitive capacities

A

Our ability to reason and think conceptually. Religion is the origin of the concepts and categories we need for reasoning

65
Q

Malinowski

A

He developed durkheims theory

Religion helps individuals cope with emotional stress that could undermine social solidarity

Religion helps to minimise disruption and funeral rituals and reinforce feelings of social solidarity

66
Q

Canoe magic rituals

A

Are performed to ensure a safe journey. This gives them a sense of control

67
Q

Legitmates

A

Makes it legal

68
Q

Parsons values and meaning

A

Identifies 2 other important functions of religion in modern society:

Creates and legitimates society’s basic values and norms (sacralising them) making them scared prompting value consensus and social solidarity

69
Q

Civil religion

A

Relating to non religious religion

70
Q

Criticisms of functionalism

A

It ignores religion as a source of division and conflict especially in complex modern societies where there is more than one religion

71
Q

Are Substantive definitions of religion inclusive

A

Excludes religion that don’t have supernatural beings such as Buddhism

72
Q

How does Durkheim distinguish between the sacred and the profane

A

Durkheim states that sacred means holy and profane means ordinary

73
Q

Explain how religion may have a cognitive function

A

Religion is the origin of our cognitive capacities to think, reason and also for science. Religion provides us with basics categories such as time and space and which it means we communicate

74
Q

Explain what is meant by civil religion religion

A

Is an American way of life which they sacralise they worship the nation state

75
Q

Identify two criticisms of the functionalist view of religion

A

Worsley states there is no sharp division between the sacred and the profane and that different clans share different totems

It ignores religion as a source of division and conflicts especially in complex modern societies where there is more than one religion

76
Q

What is the main cause of alienation

A

Religion

77
Q

Identify one way in which Hinduism may legitimate inequality

A

Marxists believe that religion legitimates the power and privelege of the dominant class by making their position appear divinely ordained

78
Q

Identity three examples of ways in which religion may be patriarchal

A

Religious organisations are mainly male dominated despite the fact that women often participant more men in the organisations

Sacred texts largely feature the doing of make Gods like Jesus

Religious laws/ customs may give women fewer rights for women

79
Q

Give one example of how religion may be empowering for women

A

Armstrong argues that early religions offen places women at centre, earth mother goddess and fertility cults were found throughout the Middle East about 6000 years ago

80
Q

What does Carl Marx argue about religion as a ideology

A

He argues that the class that controls economic production also controls the production and distribution of ideas

81
Q

Lenin

A

Describes religion as “spiritual gin”- an intoxicant doled our to the masses by the ruling class to confuse them and keep them in their place

82
Q

concept

A

idea

83
Q

premise

A

assumption or theory

84
Q

ascribed status

A

status you are bon with

85
Q

cynical

A

selfish purposes

86
Q

de spirited

A

no motivation

87
Q

alienation

A

involves being separated from or losing control over something that one produced or created

88
Q

division of labour

A

dividing different roles between people

89
Q

consolation

A

tries to take away the edge

90
Q

what does religion act as to dull the pain of exploitation

A

an opiate - relives the sigh of the oppressed creature

91
Q

evaluation of Marxist theory on religion

A

Marxism shows how religion may be used as a tool of oppression towards the working class

ignores positive functions of religion such as psychological adjustment.

neo-Marxists see thst religion doesn’t mean that it is negative for people

Althusser rejects the concept of alienation as unscientific and based on human beings true self

92
Q

how do feminists see religion

A

as patriarchal-male dominated. therefore feminists regard religion as a patriarchal institution that reflects and perpetrates this inequality

93
Q

patriarchal

A

male dominated

94
Q

religious organisations

A

mainly male-dominated despite the fact that the women often participate more than men in these organisations.

95
Q

places of worship

A

often segregate the sexes and marginalise women, for example, seating them behind while men occupy the central and more sacred roles

96
Q

sacred texts

A

largely feature the doings of male Gods, prophets etc and are usually written and interpreted by men

97
Q

religion laws and customs

A

may give women fewer rights than men for example access to divorce.

98
Q

have women always been subordinate to men

A

Armstrong argues that early religion often placed women at the centre. for example, earth mother goddess , fertility cults or female priest

99
Q

is religion a direct cause of women’s subordination

A

Nawal El Saadawi argues that it is not a direct accuse of their subordination rather this is a result of a patriarchal society

100
Q

how does Woodhead critics feminists explanations of religion

A

critises feminists explanations that simply equate religion with patriarchy and oppression

Sociology Belifs In Society (8 decks)

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