Theories of Personality Part 1 Flashcards
The word personality comes from "persona," which originally meant. A) theatrical mask. B) soul. C) the animal side of human nature. D) that which one truly is.
theatrical mask
Psychologists are most likely to agree that
A) personality is best explained by a variety of theories.
B) personality refers mostly to surface appearance.
C) there is a single best definition of personality.
D) genetics account for nearly all differences among people.
personality is best explained by a variety of theories
A pattern of relatively permanent traits, dispositions, or characteristics that give some consistency to a person’s behavior is called
A) personality.
B) a general trait.
C) a specific trait.
D) a genetic predisposition.
personality.
Which term should be most closely associated with the word theory?
A) idle speculation
B) taxonomy
C) science
D) philosophy
C) science
A theory can be defined as
A) an unverified hypothesis.
B) an educated guess.
C) a group of philosophical speculations concerning the nature of reality.
D) a set of related assumptions that generate testable hypotheses.
D) a set of related assumptions that generate testable hypotheses.
Which statement best reflects the relationship between theory and hypothesis?
A) Theories are narrower than hypotheses.
B) A single theory may generate several hypotheses
C) Theories flow logically from specific hypotheses.
D) Theories can be proven; hypotheses cannot.
A single theory may generate several hypotheses
A hypothesis is best defined as A) a classification system. B) armchair speculation. C) an unproved theory. D) an educated guess or prediction.
an educated guess or prediction
Taxonomies are
A) systems for classifying data.
B) principles of learning that make up a theory.
C) guidelines for living a principled life.
D) legal entities for raising revenue.
systems for classifying data.
What is the relationship among theory, hypothesis, and observation?
A) Observations are practical tools; theories and hypotheses are impractical.
B) Theories generate hypotheses that lead to observations that may alter the original theory.
C) Hypotheses generate theories, which then result in observations.
D) Observations generate hypotheses, which in turn generate theories.
Theories generate hypotheses that lead to observations that may alter the original theory.
The ultimate value of a theory is its
A) truthfulness.
B) usefulness.
C) simplicity.
D) logic.
usefulness.
11 CORRECT A theory should be open to disconfirmation. This refers to the theory’s ability to
A) be proven.
B) generate research.
C) provide guidelines for the practitioner.
D) be falsified.
be falsified.
A related set of if-then assumptions would constitute a
A) hypothesis.
B) philosophy.
C) theory.
D) scientific experiment.
C) theory.
The subdiscipline of psychology that looks at the personal traits of scientists is called
A) psychology of science.
B) the science of psychology.
C) science in autobiographical study.
D) psychology in autobiographical study.
psychology of science.
Although scientists’ process may be influenced by their personal characteristics, the usefulness of their work is
A) the clarity of their observations.
B) the reliability of their measuring instruments.
C) judged by their scientific product.
D) judged by their ability to create a workable taxonomy.
judged by their scientific product.
A useful theory should
A) be parsimonious.
B) serve as a guide to action.
C) organize observations.
D) generate research.
E) all of the above.
all of the above.
An internally consistent theory
A) generates many hypotheses.
B) can be directly verified.
C) can explain many empirical observations.
D) includes operational definitions of its terms.
includes operational definitions of its terms
A theory that is as simple as possible is said to be
A) internally consistent.
B) parsimonious.
C) useless.
D) an operational theory.
parsimonious.
An explanation of behavior in terms of future goals or purposes is called
A) a theory.
B) a hypothesis.
C) causality.
D) teleology.
teleology.
A test that yields consistent results is said to be
A) standardized.
B) a norm-referenced test.
C) reliable.
D) valid
reliable.
The twin cornerstones of psychoanalytic motivation are
A) sex and security.
B) safety and security.
C) hunger and sex.
D) sex and aggression.
sex and aggression.
Freud began his self-analysis shortly after
A) he broke off his relationship with Fliess.
B) he broke off his relationship with Jung.
C) his mother died.
D) his father died.
his father died.
As a youth and young man, Freud was strongly motivated to
A) win fame by making a great discovery.
B) overtake his older brother Julius.
C) practice medicine on the poor people of Vienna.
D) become a rabbi and move to New York.
A) win fame by making a great discovery.
What analogy did Freud use to illustrate the relationship between the ego and the id?
A) rider and horse
B) groom and bride
C) chicken and egg
D) hammer and anvil
rider and horse
The id serves the ____________ principle.
A) pleasure
B) reality
C) moralistic
D) idealistic
pleasure
Which regions of the mind have no direct contact with the external world?
A) id and superego
B) id and ego
C) id only
D) ego and superego
id and superego
Which of these is a manifestation of both sex and aggression?
A) anxiety
B) narcissism
C) masochism
D) love
masochism
A sadist receives sexual pleasure from
A) inflicting pain on others.
B) inflicting pain on self.
C) receiving pain inflicted by others.
D) watching other people undress.
inflicting pain on others
Freud called the mouth, anus, and genitals
A) Oedipal strivings.
B) erogenous zones.
C) the aim of the sexual instinct.
D) the aim of the aggressive instinct.
erogenous zones.
The guilt a person experiences after violating personal standards of conduct is called ________ anxiety.
A) realistic
B) neurotic
C) manifest
D) moral
moral
According to Freud, anxiety is felt by the
A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) conscience.
ego.
Defense mechanisms protect the ego against
A) feelings of shame.
B) guilt.
C) anxiety.
D) public disgrace.
anxiety.
In Freudian theory, anxiety
A) reduces repression.
B) triggers repression.
C) increases repression.
D) is caused by repression.
E) is unrelated to repression.
B) triggers repression.
After a drive or image has been repressed, it
A) may remain unchanged in the unconscious.
B) could force its way into consciousness in an unchanged form.
C) could be expressed in a disguised or distorted form.
D) any of the above.
any of the above.
With this defense mechanism, a repressed desire finds an opposite and exaggerated expression.
A) fixation
B) reaction formation
C) sublimation
D) undoing
E) isolation
reaction formation
A completely weaned child goes back to the bottle after a younger sister is born. This return to a more infantile pattern of behavior expresses a
A) reaction formation.
B) fixation.
C) regression.
D) projection.
E) isolation.
regression.
Chad has great admiration for his history teacher. He attempts to imitate this teacher’s lifestyle and mannerisms. This is an example of
A) displacement.
B) sublimation.
C) projection.
D) introjection.
introjection.
A type of repression in which the ego attempts to do away with unpleasant experiences and their consequences is called
A) undoing.
B) suppression.
C) reaction formation.
D) forgetting.
undoing.
This defense mechanism, unlike the others, usually results in some benefit to society.
A) undoing
B) isolation
C) fixation
D) sublimation
E) regression
sublimation
To Freud, the most crucial stage of development is
A) infancy.
B) latency.
C) genital.
D) maturity.
infancy.
The anal triad consists of all these characteristics EXCEPT
A) miserliness.
B) aggressiveness.
C) stubbornness.
D) compulsive neatness.
aggressiveness.
Freud believed that differences between boys and girls in psychosexual development are due to
A) parental expectations.
B) cultural experiences.
C) anatomy.
D) hormones.
anatomy.
For boys, the castration complex
A) takes the form of penis envy.
B) shatters the Oedipus complex.
C) comes before the Oedipus complex.
D) both a and c are correct.
E) both b and c are correct.
shatters the Oedipus complex.
For girls, the castration complex
A) takes the form of penis envy.
B) shatters the Oedipus complex.
C) comes before the Oedipus complex.
D) both a and c
E) none of the above.
both a and c
Freud believed that, for girls,
A) the Oedipus complex precedes the castration complex.
B) the castration complex takes the form of castration anxiety.
C) the Oedipus complex is solved when they identify with their father, at around age 5 or 6.
D) none of the above.
none of the above.
Freud believed that, with few a exceptions, the unconscious meaning of dreams expressed
A) early childhood traumas.
B) wish-fulfillments.
C) experiences of the day before.
D) feelings of inferiority.
wish-fulfillments.
Psychoanalytic therapy is most likely to include this technique.
A) homework assignments
B) free association
C) interpretation of early recollections
D) an active, aggressive therapist
free association
As a child, Adler had an intense rivalry with A) his mother. B) his father. C) an older brother named Sigmund. D) an older sister named Anna. E) Sigmund Freud.
an older brother named Sigmund.
Individual psychology can be considered to be
A) deterministic.
B) optimistic.
C) pessimistic.
D) neoFreudian.
E) both b and d.
B) optimistic.
People strive toward superiority through one of two paths. One is the route of social interest; the other is the road of
A) success.
B) individuation.
C) exaggerated personal gain.
D) submission.
exaggerated personal gain.
To Adler, the one dynamic force behind a person’s activity is
A) the striving for success or superiority.
B) organ inferiorities.
C) organ dialect.
D) feelings of superiority.
the striving for success or superiority.
According to Adler, a person’s final goal is
A) set at about age 18.
B) a creation of the creative power.
C) largely known to the person.
D) shaped by heredity and environment.
a creation of the creative power.
Adler insisted that personality is shaped by A) subjective perceptions. B) birth-order. C) early childhood experiences. D) organ inferiorities.
A) subjective perceptions.
Adler called ideas that have no real existence yet influence individuals as if they really existed A) fictions. B) fabrications. C) hypotheses. D) postulates.
fictions.
The doctrine that motivation should be considered according to its final purpose or aim is called A) fictional imperative. B) Gemeinschaftsgefühl. C) causation. D) teleology.
teleology.
Alder believed that organ inferiorities A) cause superiority personalities. B) cause inferiority personalities. C) bestow meaning and purpose on all behavior. D) stimulate feelings of inferiority.
stimulate feelings of inferiority.
Gemeinschaftsgefühl is usually translated as A) style of life. B) fictional finalism. C) social interest. D) organ inferiority.
social interest.
According to Adler \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the "sole criterion of human values." A) social interest B) productive work C) self-interest D) religion
social interest
A person's final goal is ultimately shaped by A) heredity. B) early childhood experiences. C) the superego. D) the creative power.
the creative power.
A person's style of life becomes fairly well established at about what age? A) 6 to 12 months B) 4 to 5 years C) 8 to 9 years D) 15 to 18 years
4 to 5 years
Adler held that people are continually pushed by the need to overcome inferiority feelings and pulled by the desire for
A) love.
B) social interest.
C) unity with all humanity.
D) completion.
completion.
To Adler, the core of maladjustment is
A) innate physical deficiencies.
B) lack of social interest.
C) a pampered style of life.
D) a neglected style of life.
lack of social interest.
Early recollections are
A) easily verified by talking to parents or older siblings.
B) keys to understanding one’s style of life.
C) usually unpleasant and traumatic.
D) the cause of one’s style of life.
keys to understanding one’s style of life.
According to Adler, the creative power
A) usually leads to outstanding accomplishments.
B) shapes one’s style of life.
C) is a deterministic concept.
D) is secondary to heredity and environment in shaping personality.
shapes one’s style of life.
Adler believed that the goals of a neurotic
A) are exaggerated and unrealistic.
B) are compensations for organ inferiorities.
C) both a and b.
D) neither a nor b.
both a and b.
Pampered children A) frequently feel neglected. B) have received too much love. C) become productive contributions to society. D) none of the above.
frequently feel neglected.
Adlerian safeguarding tendencies are A) sometimes conscious and sometimes unconscious. B) completely conscious. C) completely unconscious. D) used only by neurotics.
sometimes conscious and sometimes unconscious.
Safeguarding tendencies protect exaggerated feelings of superiority against
A) anxiety.
B) guilt.
C) public disgrace.
D) an uncontrollable id.
public disgrace.
