Theories of Personality Flashcards
1
Q
can be defined as a pattern of relatively permanent traits and
unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to human behavior
A
Personality
2
Q
The term personality comes from the Latin word
A
Persona
3
Q
________ meaning the mask people wear or the role they play in life.
A
Persona
4
Q
The term ______ is often used quite loosely and incorrectly to imply something other than a useful
scientific concept.
A
Theory
5
Q
______ are used by scientists to generate research and organize observations.
A
Theories
6
Q
A ______ is a set of related assumptions that allow scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to
formulate testable hypotheses
A
Theory
7
Q
_______ the love of
wisdom—is a broader term than theory.
A
Philosophy
8
Q
but one branch of philosophy—__________—relates to the
nature of knowledge, and theories are used by scientists in pursuit of knowledge.
A
Epistemology
9
Q
Theories rely on ________, but _______ must be based on the controlled observations of scientists.
A
Speculation
10
Q
_______ is the branch of study concerned with observation and classification of data and with the verification of general laws.
A
Science
11
Q
Educated guess
A
Hypothesis
12
Q
is a classification system, and classification is necessary to science.
A
Taxonomy
13
Q
Criterion of a useful theory
A
Taxonomy
14
Q
Psychologists and other scientists have developed a variety of personality theories because they have differed in their personal background, their philosophical orientation, and the data they chose to observe. In addition, theories permit individual interpretation of the same observations, and each theorist has had his or her own way of looking at things.
A
Different Theories -> Different Theorist
15
Q
What makes a Theory useful?
A
Generates research
Falsifiable
Organizes and explains data
Guides Action
Internally Consistent
Parsimonious
16
Q
both descriptive and hypothesis testing
A
Generates Research
17
Q
it must generate research that can either confirm or disconfirm its major tenets;
A
Falsifiable
18
Q
____________ and ___________ into some intelligible framework;
A
Organized and Explains data
19
Q
it provides the practitioner with a road map for making day-to-day decisions;
A
Guides action
20
Q
_______ and relies on operational definitions that define concepts in terms of specific operations;
A
Internally Consistent
21
Q
______ or simple
A
Parsimonious
22
Q
Dimensions for a Concept of Humanity
A
Determinism vs. Free Choice
Pessimism vs. Optimism
Causality vs. Teleology
Conscious vs. Unconscious determinants of Behavior
Biological vs. Social Influences on Personality
Uniqueness vs. Similarities
23
Q
________ refers to a measuring instrument’s consistency and includes test-retest reliability and internal consistency.
A
Reliability
24
Q
_______ refers to the accuracy or truthfulness of test and includes predictive ________ and construct __________.
A
Validity
25
Freud abandoned his seduction theory and replaced it with his notion of the ________, a concept that remained the center of his ____________ . Near the end of his life and to escape Nazi rule, Freud moved to London where he died in 1939.
Oedipus complex
psychoanalytic theory
26
Level of Mental Life
Unconscious
Preconscious
Conscious
27
includes drives and instincts that are beyond awareness but that motivate most human behaviors.
Unconscious
28
Unconscious process originate from two sources:
Repression
Phylogenetic Endowment
29
_______ or the blocking out of anxiety-filled experiences
Repression
30
_________ inherited experiences that lie beyond an individual's personal experience.
Phylogenetic Endowment
31
contains images that are not in awareness but that can become conscious either quite easily or with some level of difficulty.
Preconscious
32
plays a relatively minor role in Freudian theory.
Conscious
33
ideas stem from either the perception of external stimuli (our perceptual conscious system) or from the unconscious and preconscious after they have evaded censorship.
Conscious
34
Provinces of the Mind
The ID
The Ego
The Superego
35
which is completely unconscious, serves the pleasure principle and contains our basic instincts. It operates through the primary process.
The ID
36
or secondary process, is governed by the reality principle and is responsible for reconciling the unrealistic demands of the id and the superego.
The Ego
37
serves the idealistic principle, has two subsystems—the conscience and the ego-ideal. The conscience results from punishment for improper behavior whereas the ego-ideal stems from rewards for socially acceptable behavior.
The Superego
38
Superego's two subsystems:
Conscience
Ego - ideal
39
_____ results from punishment for improper behavior
Conscience
40
______ stems from rewards
for socially acceptable behavior.
Ego-ideal
41
_____ refers to those forces that motivate people.
Dynamics of Personality
42
2 types of Dynamics of Personality
Instincts
Anxiety
43
Freud grouped all human drives or urges under two primary instincts:
Sex
Aggression
44
The aim of the sexual instinct is pleasure, which can be gained through the ___________, especially the mouth, anus, and genitals.
Erogenous zones
45
The _______ of the sexual instinct is any person or thing that brings sexual pleasure.
Object
46
All infants possess ___________ , or self- centeredness,
Primary narcissism
47
_________ of adolescence and adulthood is not universal.
Secondary Narcissism
48
_______ receiving sexual pleasure from inflicting pain on another
Sadism
49
________ (receiving sexual pleasure from painful experiences) satisfy both sexual and aggressive drives.
Masochism
50
The destructive instinct aims to return a person to an inorganic state, but it is ordinarily directed against other people and is called ___________
Aggression
51
Only the ego feels _______ , but the id, superego, and outside world can each be a source of _________.
Anxiety
52
_____________________ stems from the ego's relation with the id;
Neurotic anxiety
53
_______________________ is similar to guilt and results from the ego's relation with the superego;
Moral Anxiety
54
________ which is similar to fear, is produced by the ego's relation with the real world.
Realistic Anxiety
55
8 Defense Mechanisms
Repression
Reaction Formation
Displacement
Fixation
Regression
Projection
Introjection
Sublimation
56
involves forcing unwanted, anxiety-loaded experiences into the unconscious. It is the most basic of all defense mechanisms because it is an active process in each of the others.
Repression
57
_________ is marked by the repression of one impulse and the ostentatious expression of its exact opposite.
Reaction Formation
58
________ takes place when people redirect their unwanted urges onto other objects or people in order to disguise the original impulse.
Displacement
59
__________ develops when psychic energy is blocked at one stage of development, making psychological change difficult. Some adults may remain fixated on the anal stage of psychosexual development.
Fixation
60
__________ occurs whenever a person reverts to earlier, more infantile modes of behavior. Some adults may return to the oral stage as a means of reducing anxiety.
Regression
61
is seeing in others those unacceptable feelings or behaviors that actually reside in one's own unconscious. When carried to extreme, _______ can become paranoia, which is characterized by delusions of persecution.
Projection
62
______ take place when people incorporate positive qualities of another person into their own ego to reduce feelings of inferiority.
Introjection
63
_________ involve the elevation of the sexual instincts aim to a higher level, which permits people to make contributions to society and culture.
Sublimation
64
4 Stages of Development
Infantile Period
Latency Period
Genital Period
Maturity
65
stage encompasses the first 4 to 5 years of life and is divided into three subphases: oral, anal, and phallic.
Infantile Period
66
Infantile Period 3 subphases:
Oral Phase
Anal Phase
Phallic Phase
67
______ an infant is primarily motivated to receive pleasure
through the mouth.
Oral Phase
68
During the 2nd year of life, a child goes through an ____________. If parents are too punitive during the _________, the child may adopt an anal triad, consisting of orderliness, stinginess, and obstinacy.
Anal Phase
69
________ boys and girls begin to have differing psychosexual development.
Phallic Phase
70
___________ which takes the form of castration anxiety, breaks up the male Oedipus complex and results in a well-formed male superego.
Castration complex
71
At this time, boys and girls experience the ________ in which they have sexual feelings for one parent and hostile feelings for the other.
Oedipus complex
72
For girls, however, the castration complex takes form of _________, precedes the female Oedipus complex, leads to a gradual and incomplete shattering of the Female Oedipus complex and results it is a weaker and more flexible female superego.
Penis Envy
73
from about age 5 years until puberty in which the sexual instinct is partially suppressed.
Latency Period
74
The ___________ begins with puberty when adolescents experience a reawakening of the genital aim of Eros.
Genital Period
75
Freud hinted at a stage of psychological maturity in which the ego would be in control of the id and superego and in which consciousness would play a more important role in behavior
Maturity
76
4 Striving for Success of Superiority
The Final Goal
The Striving force as Compensation
Striving for Personal Superiority
Striving for Success
77
The___________ of success or superiority toward which all people strive unifies personality and makes all behavior meaningful.
Final goal
78
Because people are born with small, inferior bodies, they feel inferior and attempt to overcome these feelings through their natural tendency to move toward completion. The __________________ can take one of two courses—personal gain (superiority) or community benefit (success).
The Striving Force as Compensation
79
Psychologically unhealthy individuals _____________ with little concern for other people. Although they may appear to be interested in other people, their basic motivation is personal benefit.
Strive for personal superiority
80
In contrast, psychologically healthy people ______________ of all humanity, but they do so without losing their personal identity.
Striving for Success
81
___________ maintain a neurotic life style and protect a person from public disgrace.
Safeguarding Tendencies
82
__________ which allow people to preserve their inflated sense of personal worth;
Excuses
83
_________ which may take the form of depreciating others' accomplishments, accusing others of being responsible for one's own failures, or self-accusation;
Aggression
84
_______ which can be expressed by psychologically moving backward, standing still, hesitating, or constructing obstacles
Withdrawal
85
Guess what ___ child is this, and what trait is this?
Nurturing and protective of others
Good Organizer
Oldest child - Positive
86
Guess what ___ child is this, and what trait is this?
Highly Anxious
Exaggerated feelings of power
Unconscious Hostility
Fight for acceptance
Must always be "right," whereas other are always "wrong"
Highly critical of others
Uncooperative
Oldest Child - Negative
87
Guess what ___ child is this, and what trait is this?
Highly motivated
Cooperative
Moderately Competitive
Second Child - Positive
88
Guess what ___ child is this, and what trait is this?
Highly Competitive
Easily Discourage
Second Child - Negative
89
Guess what ___ child is this, and what trait is this?
Realistically Ambitious
Youngest Child - Positive
90
Guess what ___ child is this, and what trait is this?
Pampered Style of Life
Dependent on others
Wants to excel in everything
Unrealistically ambitious
Youngest Child - Negative
91
Guess what ___ child is this, and what trait is this?
Socially Mature
Only Child - Positive
92
Guess what ___ child is this, and what trait is this?
Exaggerated feelings of superiority
Low feelings of cooperation
Inflated sense of self
Pampered style of Life
Only Child - Negative
93
Jung became disenchanted with Freud's pansexual theories, broke with Freud, and began his own approach to theory and therapy, which he called __________
Analytical psychology
94
Levels of the Psyche
Conscious
Personal Unconscious
Collective Unconscious
Archetypes
95
images sensed by the ego are said to be ___________.
Conscious
96
The _______ thus represents the conscious side of personality, and in the psychologically mature individual, the ______ is secondary to the self.
Ego
97
refers to those psychic images not sensed by the ego.
Personal Unconscious
98
Jung divided the unconscious into the personal unconscious, which contains the ________ (emotionally toned groups of related ideas) and the collective unconscious, which includes various archetypes.
Complexes
99
images are those that are beyond our personal experiences and that originate from the repeated experiences of our ancestors.
Collective Unconscious
100
images are not inherited ideas, but
rather they refer to our innate tendency to react in a particular way whenever our personal experiences stimulate an inherited predisposition toward action.
Collective Unconscious
101
contents of the collective unconscious are called _________.
Archetypes
102
Jung believed that __________
originate through the repeated experiences of our ancestors and that they are expressed in certain types of dreams, fantasies, delusions, and hallucinations.
Archetypes
103
__________—the side of our personality that we show to others.
Persona
104
_________—the dark side of personality.
Shadow
105
_________—their feminine side
Anima
106
__________—their masculine side.
Animu
107
______ nourishment and destruction
Great Mother
108
__________ archetype of Wisdom and Meaning
Wise old Man
109
_________ we have of a conqueror who vanquishes evil but who has a single fatal flaw
The Hero
110
_________ that is, the image we have of fulfillment, completion, or perfection.
Self
111
The ultimate in psychological maturity is ____________
Self-realization
112
__________- which is symbolized by the mandala, or perfect geometric figure.
Self-realization
113
__________ are predispositions to act or react in a characteristic manner.
Attitudes
114
2 basics Attitudes
Introversion
Extraversion
115
__________—which refers to people's subjective perceptions
Introversion
116
_________—which indicates an
orientation toward the objective world.
Extraversion
117
These two attitudes can combine with four basic functions to form eight general personality types.
Functions
118
4 Functions are:
Thinking
Feeling
Sensation
Intuition
119
________ or recognizing the meaning of stimuli
Thinking
120
______-- or placing a value
on something
Feeling
121
___________ or taking in sensory stimuli
Sensation
122
_________ perceiving elementary data that are beyond our awareness.
Intuition
123
Jung referred to thinking and feeling as ____________ and to sensation and intuition as ____________
Rational functions
Irrational functions
124
2 types of Position by Melanie Klein
Paranoid- Schizoid Position
Depressive Position
125
A way of organizing experiences that includes both paranoid feelings of being persecuted and a splitting of internal and external objects into the good and the bad.
Paranoid-Schizoid Position
126
The feelings of anxiety over losing a loved object coupled with a sense of guilt for wanting to destroy that object constitute.
Depressive Position
127
First 3 or 4 months of life
Paranoid-Schizoid Position
128
Beginning at about the 5th or 6th month - Klein's
Depressive Position
129
4 Psychic Defense Mechanism
Introjection
Projection
Splitting
Projective Identification
130
When person takes in (introjects) aspects of the external world and then organizes those ____________ into a psychologically meaningful framework
Introjection
131
the fantasy that one’s own feelings and impulses actually reside in another person and not within one’s body.
Projection
132
Keeping apart incompatible impulses (“good me” and the “bad
me”)
Splitting
133
Infants split off unacceptable parts of themselves, project them into another object, and finally introject them back into themselves in a changed or distorted form
Projective Identification
134
When object relations theorists speak of ______________, they mean that the person takes in (introjects) aspects of the external world and then organizes those introjections into a psychologically meaningful framework.
Internalizations
135
OR one’s sense of self, reaches maturity at a much earlier stage
than Freud had assumed. Unorganized at birth but can sense
anxiety. - Klein's
Ego
136
It emerges much earlier in Life - Klein's
Superego
137
It is not an outgrowth of the Oedipus Complex - Klein's
Superego
138
It is much more harsh and cruel - Klein's
Superego
139
Begins during the earliest months of life, overlaps with the oral and anal stages, and reaches its climax during the genital stage at around age 3 or 4. - Klein
Oedipus Complex
140
Significant part of the___________ is children’s fear of
retaliation from their parent for their fantasy of emptying the
parent’s body. - Klein's
Oedipus complex
141
She stressed the importance of children retaining positive
feelings toward both parents during the Oedipal years. - Klein's
Oedipus Complex
142
__________ serves the same need for both genders. - Klein's
Oedipus complex
143
____________- when child becomes an individual separate from his or her primary caregiver, an accomplishment that leads
ultimately to a sense of identity
Psychological birth - Margaret Mahler
144
___________ (5th month until the 7th to 10th month of age) marked by a bodily breaking away from the mother infant symbiotic orbit. - Klein's
Differentiation
145
______________- children easily distinguish their body from their
mother’s, establish a specific bond with their mother, and begin to develop an autonomous ego
Practicing
146
__________ - (16-25 Months) they desire to bring their
mother and themselves back together, both physically and
psychologically
Rapprochment
147
(3RD year of life) children must develop a constant inner representation of their mother so that they can tolerate being physically separate from her.
Libidinal Object Constancy
148
Kohut (1977) defined the _________ as “the center of the individual’s psychological universe”.
Self
149
2 Basic Narcissistic Needs
Exhibit the grandiose self
Acquire an idealized image of one or both parents
150
The origins of ______________ came from Bowlby’s observations that both human and primate infants go through a clear sequence of reactions when separated from their primary caregivers.
Attachment theory
151
Stages of Separation - John Bowlby
when their caregiver is first out of sight, infants will cry, resists soothing by other people, and search for their caregiver
Protest Stage
152
Stages of Separation - John Bowlby
Infants become quiet, sad, passive, listless, and apathetic
Despair
153
Stages of Separation - John Bowlby
Infants become emotionally detached from other people, including their caregiver
Detachment
154
Mary Ainsworth - Strange Situation
when their mother returns, infants are happy and enthusiastic and initiate contact.
Secure Attachment
155
Mary Ainsworth - Strange Situation
Infants are ambivalent
Anxious-resistant attachment style
156
Mary Ainsworth - Strange Situation
infants stay calm when their mother leaves, they accept stranger, and when their mother returns, they ignore and avoid her
Anxious-avoidant
