Theories Of Memory Flashcards
Assumptions of Cog psych
- computer processing model to explain human cognition
- information processing model to describe way of human receive, interrupt and respond to info
Description of computer processing model
- our biology is is the hard wiring
- our experience is the programming
Definition of memory
- the storage of learned information for retrieval and future use
- retention and ability of recalling info.
Multi Store Model of memory 1968
Encoding -) storage -) retrieval
Sensory input -) sensory memory -) attention -) STM -) rehearsal -) LTM
Pros of MSM
- supporting evidence from case studies e.g. HM, Clive wearing
- supported by chapman et al
- positive application to society
1+ 2) Therefore, supports STM and LTM are separate stores due to different brain waves pattern
3) T/F can aid education, ideas about study skills and importance of rehearsal
Cons of MSM
- anecdotal evidence = T/F cannot explain all types of memory so is insufficient theory
- there are more than one STM store = MSM is reductionist
- reductionist = insufficient theory to explain memory
- alternative theories of memory
Aim of Baddeley study 1966
- to investigate the influence of acoustic and semantic word similarity on learning an recall in STM and LTM
How was sample obtained and design in baddeley’s study ?
- 72 men and women from the Applied psychology Research unit subject panel
- opportunity sample
- independent measures design
Example of standardises procedure in Baddeley’s study
- same design were used
- 4 same lists of semantically / acoustically similar and dissimilar words
- words presented via projector at a rate of one word every 3 seconds
- all same 6 distracted tasks of digits
- 15 mins interfere task
Findings of baddeley’s study
Start of study - acoustically similar words are more difficult to recall
End of study- semantically similar words are more difficult to recall
Conclusions of Baddeley’s study
- STM primarily make use of acoustic encoding = difficulties on recalling acoustically similar words
- LTM primarily make use of semantic encoding = difficulties on recalling semantically similar words
Pros of baddley’s study
- reliable = (H) in highly controlled artificial setting = standardised procedure used
- practical application to society = (H) education and highlight the importance of rehearsal = teachers develop strategies that help students recall easier
- high internal validity
Cons of Baddley’s study
- lacks ecological validity
- lacks mundane realism
- lacks population validity
- demand characteristics = (T) low internal validity
How does b’s study support MSM ?
- STM encodes acoustically = hard to recall at the start of study
- LTM encodes semantically = harder to recall at the end of study
Working memory model
- Baddley and Hitch
- about STM
- consist of central executive, phonological loop, Visio- spatial sketch pad
Role of central executive
- most important of the model
- controls and coordinates cooperation of 3 slave systems
- decides which info is by attention/ ignored
Capacity and coding of central executive
- limited
- code any modality
Role of phonological loop
- consist of phonological store and articulatory control process
- responsible with spoken and written material
Role of phonological store
- inner ear
- holds info in speech based form fr 1-2 seconds
- spoken words enter directly
- written words converted into articulatory code before enter this
Role of articulatory control process
- inner voice
- rehearsing information from the phonological store
- loop like tape
- can converts written material into articulatory code -) to phonological store
Role of Visuo spatial sketch pad
- for temporary storage and manipulation of visual and spatial info
- help track of where we are with other objects when environment moves
Role of episodic buffer
- limited capacity
- integrates and manipulates material in working memory into episodes
- integrate LTM to meet requirements of working memory
Pros of WMM
- supported by case study of KF
- supported by Smith and Jonides
- supported by scientific research
- positive application to society