Theories Of Memory Flashcards
1
Q
Assumptions of Cog psych
A
- computer processing model to explain human cognition
- information processing model to describe way of human receive, interrupt and respond to info
2
Q
Description of computer processing model
A
- our biology is is the hard wiring
- our experience is the programming
3
Q
Definition of memory
A
- the storage of learned information for retrieval and future use
- retention and ability of recalling info.
4
Q
Multi Store Model of memory 1968
A
Encoding -) storage -) retrieval
Sensory input -) sensory memory -) attention -) STM -) rehearsal -) LTM
5
Q
Pros of MSM
A
- supporting evidence from case studies e.g. HM, Clive wearing
- supported by chapman et al
- positive application to society
1+ 2) Therefore, supports STM and LTM are separate stores due to different brain waves pattern
3) T/F can aid education, ideas about study skills and importance of rehearsal
6
Q
Cons of MSM
A
- anecdotal evidence = T/F cannot explain all types of memory so is insufficient theory
- there are more than one STM store = MSM is reductionist
- reductionist = insufficient theory to explain memory
- alternative theories of memory
7
Q
Aim of Baddeley study 1966
A
- to investigate the influence of acoustic and semantic word similarity on learning an recall in STM and LTM
8
Q
How was sample obtained and design in baddeley’s study ?
A
- 72 men and women from the Applied psychology Research unit subject panel
- opportunity sample
- independent measures design
9
Q
Example of standardises procedure in Baddeley’s study
A
- same design were used
- 4 same lists of semantically / acoustically similar and dissimilar words
- words presented via projector at a rate of one word every 3 seconds
- all same 6 distracted tasks of digits
- 15 mins interfere task
10
Q
Findings of baddeley’s study
A
Start of study - acoustically similar words are more difficult to recall
End of study- semantically similar words are more difficult to recall
11
Q
Conclusions of Baddeley’s study
A
- STM primarily make use of acoustic encoding = difficulties on recalling acoustically similar words
- LTM primarily make use of semantic encoding = difficulties on recalling semantically similar words
12
Q
Pros of baddley’s study
A
- reliable = (H) in highly controlled artificial setting = standardised procedure used
- practical application to society = (H) education and highlight the importance of rehearsal = teachers develop strategies that help students recall easier
- high internal validity
13
Q
Cons of Baddley’s study
A
- lacks ecological validity
- lacks mundane realism
- lacks population validity
- demand characteristics = (T) low internal validity
14
Q
How does b’s study support MSM ?
A
- STM encodes acoustically = hard to recall at the start of study
- LTM encodes semantically = harder to recall at the end of study
15
Q
Working memory model
A
- Baddley and Hitch
- about STM
- consist of central executive, phonological loop, Visio- spatial sketch pad
16
Q
Role of central executive
A
- most important of the model
- controls and coordinates cooperation of 3 slave systems
- decides which info is by attention/ ignored
17
Q
Capacity and coding of central executive
A
- limited
- code any modality
18
Q
Role of phonological loop
A
- consist of phonological store and articulatory control process
- responsible with spoken and written material
19
Q
Role of phonological store
A
- inner ear
- holds info in speech based form fr 1-2 seconds
- spoken words enter directly
- written words converted into articulatory code before enter this
20
Q
Role of articulatory control process
A
- inner voice
- rehearsing information from the phonological store
- loop like tape
- can converts written material into articulatory code -) to phonological store
21
Q
Role of Visuo spatial sketch pad
A
- for temporary storage and manipulation of visual and spatial info
- help track of where we are with other objects when environment moves
22
Q
Role of episodic buffer
A
- limited capacity
- integrates and manipulates material in working memory into episodes
- integrate LTM to meet requirements of working memory
23
Q
Pros of WMM
A
- supported by case study of KF
- supported by Smith and Jonides
- supported by scientific research
- positive application to society
24
Q
Cons of WMM
A
- criticise by Lieberman
- central executive was the least know but most important
- reductionists
- addition of episodic buffer
25
Q
Case study of KF
A
- suffer from brain damage after motorcycle accident
- harder to recall verbal items than visual
= suggest verbal and visual are separate stores
26
Q
Case study of Smith and Jonides
A
- use PET scans of the brain when ding visual, verbal and spatial tasks
= shows the left hemisphere are used for verbal and right for visual and spatial
= shows they are separate stores suggested by WMM = increase validity of theory
27
Q
How does WMM positive application to society ?
A
- people will not perform their best if they attempt to do more than one task at he same time if both require the same salve system e.g. listening to 2 conversation at once
28
Q
What is Lieberman ‘s study ?
A
- criticise WMM
- suggest blind people have excellent spatial awareness but never had any visual information
- shows visual spatial sketch pad is too simplistic that could not explain all conditions and should be separate into two components .
29
Q
How is the central executive use criticise WMM ?
A
- know the least but most important = CE is a largely theoretical concept with limited experimental support
- it is abstract and not directly testable so cannot generate empirical data
= therefore CE is a hypothetical construct and cannot be empirically proved
30
Q
How is WMM reductionist ?
A
- it only explains STM is split into different stores but failed to explain how LTM works
- T/F is not sufficient to explain the whole of memory, reduce validity of theory
31
Q
What does the addition of episodic buffer critique WMM ?
A
- it is later added in 2000 which suggests the model originally was incomplete and inaccurate
= it lacks accuracy to explain STM
32
Q
What is explicit and implicit memory ?
A
- explicit is about conscious recall of info. E.g. semantic and episodic memory
Implicit is unconscious e.g. procedural memory
33
Q
Pros of Tulving’s LTM theory
A
- supported by ostargaard ‘s study
- supported by KC Case study
34
Q
Cons of tulving’s LTM theory
A
- opposite evidence of Clive wearing’s case study
- alternative theories of LTM
- reductionist
35
Q
What is ostagaard ‘s case study about ?
A
- a 10 years old boy suffer from brain damage due to anoxic episodes
- cannot form episodic memory but can form semantic memory
= shows a separate stores = increase validity
36
Q
What is KC case study ?
A
- suffer from extensive brain damage due to motorbike accident = cannot recall episodic memory but can for semantic memory
= shows a separate stores = increase validity
37
Q
How does Clive wearing’s case oppose Tulving LTM theory ?
A
- he suffered from organic brain damage causes amnesia but, struggle to recall and form episodic and semantic memory but still have excellent procedural memory of playing piano
T/F tulving filed to explain other types of LTM e.g. skill based memory = reductionist
38
Q
What is the however point of Clive wearing in TLT ?
A
- tulving added procedural memory in his LTM theory in 1985 that could explain Clive wearing’s case
39
Q
Alternative theories of LTM for TLT
A
- reconstructive memory by Bartlett shows LTM is organised in terms of schemas.
- memories stored in package of info.Which aids recall or distort recall
= shows TLT less powerful as an explanation of behaviour and suggest it cannot fully explain LTM
40
Q
How is TLT a reductionist ?
A
- suggests LTM have distinct stores but fail to explain the interconnection of other memory stores
= T/F it only looks at m that has meaning or personal significance but ignores individual differences = limited explanation of LTM
41
Q
What is schemas ?
A
- a way of organising information in our memory from our past experience into packages of information
42
Q
How does distorted recall work in reconstructive memory ?
A
- we use schemas to fill in gaps of our memory when we cannot remember all the information = leads to distorted recall
43
Q
What does reconstructive memory suggest ?
A
- memory is constructive
-we actively reconstruct info when we recall, based on past experience, previous memories, expectations and beliefs.
44
Q
What does schema theory suggest ?
A
- we use schemas to fill in gaps in our memory when we cannot remember all info= leads to distorted recall
45
Q
Pros of reconstructive and schemas theory
A
- supported by Bartlett war of the ghost
- supported by Bartlett ink plots study
- positive application to society
- consider both nature and nurture factors
46
Q
Cons of Bartlett’s theory
A
- criticism of supporting evidence
- reductionist
47
Q
How is Bartlett’s ink plot study support his theory ?
A
- showed p.pants ink plots and found that they tend to look for suitable image from their stored to fit with the ink plots and fit with individuals interest, experience and mood
= so supports that schemas were actually used to aid recall
48
Q
How is schemas theory application to society ?
A
- used in eyewitness testimony, understand recall maybe unreliable if they rely on schemas
= so hopefully fewer incorrect decisions will be made in final justice system as judges and juries aware with unreliability
49
Q
How does schemas theory consider both nature and nurture ?
A
- schemas are mental construct of biological structure of brain so it is nature. But knowledge of each persons’s schemas are vary between individuals as it represents stereotypical views affected by upbringing and education as a product of nurture
= So schemas theory is holistic and not simplistic as a product of both nature and nurture
50
Q
How is schemas theory criticism by Bartlett’s study ?
A
- the study isn’t scientifically approved as it lacked control and standardisation
- data was all qualitative data which can be seen as unscientific
= so it lacks validity as it is not empirically supported and lacks scientific rigour desired with psychology
51
Q
Aim of Steyvers and Hemmer’s study
A
- investigate interaction between semantic (prior knowledge) and episodic memory to see whether schemas for particular natural scenes aided or disrupt memory for objects in the scenes
52
Q
Procedure of S&H study
A
- use a random 49 ppl sample from the pool of university of California, Irvine
- saw stimuli of 5 scenes kitchen, office, hotel, urban, living room for 2s or 10 s for testing short and long duration with 4 different experimental conditions e.g. 10, 10, 2, 2, 2
- repeated measures design- p.pants do both conditions of 2s and 10s
- controlled order effects by changing order of scenes
- p.pants recall items in each scenes
53
Q
Findings of S&H study
A
- 2s = recall 7.75 items 10s= recall 10 items
- errors rate = 9% and 18%
- 22 p.pants asked to say items they EXPECT to see in those 5 scenes = 55% items were accurately recall = shows semantic memory
- in the experiment, 80% of accurate recall of items when provided pictures = shows episodic and semantic memory
= Shows can recall more when using episodic memory
54
Q
Conclusion of S&H study
A
- when recalling naturalistic scenes, prior knowledge from semantic memory can aid recall in episodic memory
- when objects present are consistent with expectations and PK, cognitive processing freed up to process unexpected objects in the scene
- link to Bartlett schemas theory that can be used in eyewitness testimony
55
Q
Pros of S&H study
A
- standardised procedure
- can establish cause and effect
- no deception
- protection from harm
- positive usefulness in society
56
Q
Cons of S&H study
A
- lacks ecological validity
- lacks mundane realism
- lacks population validity
- demand characteristics
57
Q
How does S&H study lacks ecological validity ?
A
- conducted in a highly controlled artificial lab= unfamiliar to 49 p.pants and not an everyday setting so behaviour may not be natural long occurring so not generalisable.
- HOWEVER, the 5 scenes asked to recall items from are natural scenes = so can be seen as naturally occurring behaviour despite in a lab setting
58
Q
How is S&H study useful to society ?
A
- used in criminal justice system when eyewitness asked to provide a statement of what thy saw. Naturalistic scenes and prior knowledge from our episodic memory may have effect on recall of semantic memory of what they saw.
Therefore, the interaction of S + E memory are effected by schemas in natural scenes that can aid recall of the crime happened .
59
Q
Individual difference in memory
A
- processing speed = support by MSM - age, disabilities affect brain capacity
- schemas = support by Bartlett - vary from person to person of expectations
- autobiographical memory = support by tulving’s - ppl have different personal experience of episodes in life
