Theories of Human Development Flashcards
Theory of Cognitive Development (proponent)
Jean Piaget
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
Goal for sensorimotor stage
object permanence
goal for preoperational stage
symbolic thought
goal for concrete operational stage
logical thought
goal or formal operational
scientific reasoning
sensorimotor stage age
0-2 years
preoperational stage age
2-7 y/o
concrete operational stage age
7-12 y/o
formal operational age
12 y/o onwards
which stage is egocentrism
sensorimotor
which stage is conservation learned
concrete operational period
which proponent talks about the process of adaptation
Piaget
2 processes of adaptation
assimilation and accommodation
Assimilation
adjusting new experiences to fit prior concepts
accommodation
Adjusting old concepts to new experiences
Psychosocial development theory (proponent)
Erik Erikson
8 stages of psychosocial development theory
-trust vs mistrust
-autonomy vs shame & doubt
-initiative vs guilt
-industry vs inferiority
-identity vs role confusion
-intimacy vs isolation
-generativity vs stagnation
-integrity vs despair
trust vs mistrust age
infancy
autonomy vs shame age
toddler
initiative vs guilt age
preschool age
industry vs inferiority
school age
identity vs role confusion age
adolescence
intimacy vs isolation age
young adulthood
generativity vs stagnation age
middle adulthood
integrity vs despair age
late adulthood
behavioral theories of learning proponents
pavlov, watson, skinner
classical conditioning proponent
pavlov
operant conditioning proponent
skinner
3 events in classical conditioning
generalization, discrimination, extinction
Theory of Moral Development (proponent)
Lawrence Kohlberg
Levels of Moral Development
Preconventional Morality, Conventional morality, postconventional morality
Stages of Preconventional Morality
Stage 1 Obedience &punishment stage
Stage 2 individualism & Exchange stage
“doing the right thing = fair trade or excange”
preconventional morality stage 2 indiidualism & exchange stage
Act based on what others say, rather than
providing reasons that are true to
themselves (fear of punishment)
preconventional morality stage 1 obedience & punishment stage
(morality) Adolescence age
Makes him feel liked and appreciated
and contributes to his community
conventional morality
stages in conventional morality
stage 3 interpersonal relationships
stage 4 maintaining social order
(stage) Satisfying the expectations of the
community and other people than they are
with their own wants
stage 3 interpersonal relationships
(stage) Behavior is determined by social
rules and laws.
stage 4 maintaining social order
(morality)People develop knowledge of the
abstract principles of moral
development
post conventional morality
stages of post conventional morality
stage 5 social contract and individual rights
stage 6 universal principles
(stage) Starting to have their own opinions based on
their own beliefs and values.
stage 5 social contract and individual rights
(stage) Behavior is based on self-chosen ethical
principles and abstract reasoning.
stage 6 universal principles
Sociocultural Theory (proponent)
Lev Vygotsky
_______ emphasized social contributions to the development progress; while _______ emphasizes self initiated discovery
vygotsky; piaget
MKO
More knowledgeable other
ZPD
Zone of proximal development
This important concept relates to the difference between what a child can achieve independently and what a child can achieve with guidance and encouragement from a skilled partner
Zone of proximal development
Three forms of language accdg to Vygotsky
Social speech (2yo)
private speech (3yo)
silent inner speech (7yo)
Ecological systems theory (proponent)
Urie Bronfenbrenner
five ecological systems
-microsystem
-mesosystem
-exosystem
-macrosystem
-chronosystem
microsystem
work, shool, friends, family, neighbors,
mesosystem
interaction between microsystems
exosystem
local government, parents friends, mass media, extended family
macrosystem
social norms, economic system, political system, culture
chronosystem
time/ shifts over child’s lifetime
