Theories of Human Development Flashcards
Social Development (Theorist)
Erik Erikson
Erikson’s Philosophy
How children socialize affects their sense of self; identity crises as the focal point for each stage of development
Trust vs. Mistrust
(0-1); Security in exploring/world
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
(1-3); Encouraging independence in daily activities
Initiative vs. Guilt
(3-6); Initiating play/planning
Industry vs. Inferiority
(6- puberty); Taking pride in accomplishments/feeling industrious
Identity vs. Role Confusion
(childhood to adulthood); “What should I be when I grow up?”
Intimacy vs. Isolation
(Young Adult); Self-explanatory
Generativity vs. Stagnation
(Middle Adult); “Adulting”
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
(Older Adult); Retiring and reflecting on accomplishments
Social Development
Changes in social institutions (i.e. family, workplace, etc.)
Social Cohesion
peaceful/safe environments of social interaction
Social Accountability
All individual voices are heard
Emotional Development
Arises as a result of self-awareness and self-regulation
Cognitive Development
Emergence of ability to think and understand
Six Levels of Cognition
Katie Could Ace Any Stupid Exam
- Knowledge
- Comprehension
- Application
- Analysis
- Synthesis
- Evaluation
Three Domains of Development
Cognitive, Affective, Psychomotor
Piaget’s Theory
Children learn through interaction with the environment and others
Sensorimotor
0-2; Retains image of objects, play is imitative, signals meaning (meaning in event), develops primitive logic in manipulating objects
Pre operational
2-7; Concrete to abstract thinking, can comprehend passage of time, acquires words and symbols, thinking is concrete, irreversible, and egocentric, magical thinking (imaginary friends are normal)
Concrete Operations
7-11; Beginning of abstract thought, games with rules, thinking is reversible, cause and effect relationship understood
Formal Operations
11 through maturity; higher level abstraction, planning for future, thinks hypothetically, assumes adult roles
Kohlberg’s Theory
Moral development paralleled cognitive development
Six stages of moral development that respond to more complex moral dilemmas – must past one stage before getting to the other
Pre conventional
Elementary school level (before 9);
Children obey an authority figure out of fear of punishment
Child acts acceptably to receive rewards/best interest
Conventional
Early adolescence
Acts to gain approval from others (good girl/boy)
Obey laws to maintain social system; Rules are rules
Postconventional
Adult
Genuine interest in welfare of others/being morally right
Guided by individual principles based on broad universal ethical principles
Learning Theory
How information is absorbed, processed and retained during learning
Behaviorist Learning Theory
Pavlov/Skinner
Learning is viewed through change in behavior
Social workers try to change external environment
Cognitive Learning Theory
Piaget
Learning is viewed through internal mental processes
Social workers aim to foster capacity and skills to improve learning
Humanistic Learning Theory
Maslow
Learning is viewed as a person’s activities aimed at reaching his or her full potential
SW develop the whole person
Behavioral Development
Suggest that personality is a result of interactions between the individual and the environment
Rejecting theories that take internal thoughts and feelings into account
Respondent Behavior/Classical Conditioning
Involuntary behavior (stimulus elicits a response)
Conditioned stimulus eventually elicits the response normally elicited by the unconditioned stimulus (Pavlov)
Operant Behavior
Voluntary behavior (controlled by its consequences in the environment)
Antecedent–>Response/Behavior –> Consequence (Skinner)
Positive reinforcement
Give pleasure
Negative reinforcement
Remove Pain
Positive punishment
Remove pleasure
Negative punishment
Remove pain
Aversion therapy
An example of this is treating alcoholism with Antabuse
Biofeedback
Helpful for ADHD and anxiety disorders
Extinction
Withholding reinforcer that follows a behavior; behavior that fails to produce reinforcement will cease
Flooding
Client’s anxiety is extinguished by prolonged real or imagined exposure to high intensity feared stimuli
In vivo desensitization
Pairing and movement through a hierarchy of anxiety form least to most anxiety provoking situations; takes place in “real” setting
Modeling
Method of instruction that involved an individual (the model) demonstrating the behavior to be acquired by the client
Rational emotive therapy (RET)
Teaching client to counter self-defeating thinking with new, non-distressing self-statements
Shaping
Reinforcing successive approximations of desired behavior
Systematic desensitization
Anxiety inhibiting response cannot occur at the same time as the anxiety response
Token economy
Receives tokens as reinforcement for performing specified behaviors; currency within the environment that can be exchanged for desired goods, services, or privileges
Child development (definition)
Physical, mental, and socioemotional changes that occur between birth and end of adolescence
Development in Infants and Toddlers 0-3
a. Key Healthcare Issues
i. Providing security, physical closeness, healthy bonds, physical health/screenings, safe environment
b. Age specific care
i. Parent-provided care, safe toys, encourage child communication, teach proper childcare
Development in Young Children 4-7
a. Key Healthcare Issues
i. Give praise/rewards/clear rules, physical screenings/hygiene, safety habits
b. Age specific care
i. Involve parents and child in care, toys and games to teach child/reduce fear, encourage children to socialize more/talk about feelings
Development in Older Children 7-12
a. Key Healthcare Issues
i. Help child feel competent/useful, physical screenings, info on drugs/sexuality, safety habits
b. Age specific care
i. Allow child to make some care decisions, build self-esteem, safe lifestyle choices
Adolescent Development
a. Key Healthcare Issues
i. Acceptance, privacy, respect, physical screenings, sexual responsibility, discourage risk taking
b. Age specific care
i. Avoid authoritarian approaches, show respect, positive lifestyle choices, open communication
Adult Development
Biological, psychological, and interpersonal domains of human life from end of adolescence until end of life.
Middle Age Adult Development
a. Key Healthcare Issues
i. Hopeful attitude, strengths focus, regular checkups/health risks, age-related changes (sense, reflexes, etc.)
b. Age specific care
i. Worries about future, recognizing contributions, healthy active retirement plans
Older Adult Development
a. Key Healthcare Issues
i. Respect, isolation, acceptance of aging, monitoring health, guarding against depression, apathy, promote home safety, preventing falls
b. Age specific care
i. Talk about feelings (grief, loss, achievements), safe medication use, support for coping with any impairments, encourage social activity
Elder Development
a. Key Healthcare Issues
i. Express feelings/use humor/positivity, monitor health (nutrition, activity, rest, stress), prevent injury, safe living environment
b. Age specific care
i. Encourage independence (social activities), support end of life decisions, assist safe meds/safety grips/ramps/etc.
Sexuality in Infants and Toddlers
i. By age of two children know their gender
ii. Aware of differences in the genitals of males and females and how they urinate
Sexuality in Children (3-7 yo)
i. Highly affectionate and may imitate adult social and sexual behaviors (holding hands/kissing)
ii. Play doctor and look at each other’s genitals or play house/know about living with a partner – normal curiosity
iii. By age 5 or 6 most children become more modest about dressing/bathing
Sexuality in preadolescent youth (8-12)
i. Children become more self-conscious about their bodies
ii. Masturbation increases in these years
iii. Same gender sexual behavior can occur at this stage (unrelated to orientation)
iv. By age 12 or 13 some young adolescents might pair off and begin dating and/or making out
Sexuality in adolescent youth (13-19)
i. Strong emotional attachments to romantic partners
ii. Participate in sexual intercourse before the age of 20
Adult sexuality
i. Women experience menopause around 50
1. Less vaginal lubrication
ii. Men’s testicles slow testosterone production after age 25 or so
1. Harder to achieve an erection/ejaculation lessens
iii. Neither loses desire for sexual expression
Attachment Theory
John Bowlby; lasting psychological connectedness between human beings that can be understood within an evolutionary context in which a caregiver provides safety and security for a child
Children come into the world biologically programmed to form attachments – it helps them survive
Critical period is in the first 5 years of life
Monotropy
The initial primary attachment figure that infants create as a sure base for exploring the world
Attachment is a set of learned behaviors
Social/Situational Learning Theory
Bandura
Learning is obtained between people and their environments
Social workers establish opportunities for conversation and participation to occur
Young Adult Development 18-35
a. Key Healthcare Issues
i. Respecting personal values, healthy lifestyle/checkups, health risks, hazards at home/work
b. Age specific care
i. Support in making healthcare decisions, recognize commitments to family, career, community (time/money)
