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LMSW Exam 2021 > Theories of Human Development > Flashcards

Theories of Human Development Flashcards

1
Q

Social Development (Theorist)

A

Erik Erikson

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2
Q

Erikson’s Philosophy

A

How children socialize affects their sense of self; identity crises as the focal point for each stage of development

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3
Q

Trust vs. Mistrust

A

(0-1); Security in exploring/world

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4
Q

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

A

(1-3); Encouraging independence in daily activities

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5
Q

Initiative vs. Guilt

A

(3-6); Initiating play/planning

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6
Q

Industry vs. Inferiority

A

(6- puberty); Taking pride in accomplishments/feeling industrious

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7
Q

Identity vs. Role Confusion

A

(childhood to adulthood); “What should I be when I grow up?”

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8
Q

Intimacy vs. Isolation

A

(Young Adult); Self-explanatory

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9
Q

Generativity vs. Stagnation

A

(Middle Adult); “Adulting”

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10
Q

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

A

(Older Adult); Retiring and reflecting on accomplishments

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11
Q

Social Development

A

Changes in social institutions (i.e. family, workplace, etc.)

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12
Q

Social Cohesion

A

peaceful/safe environments of social interaction

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13
Q

Social Accountability

A

All individual voices are heard

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14
Q

Emotional Development

A

Arises as a result of self-awareness and self-regulation

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15
Q

Cognitive Development

A

Emergence of ability to think and understand

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16
Q

Six Levels of Cognition

A

Katie Could Ace Any Stupid Exam

  1. Knowledge
  2. Comprehension
  3. Application
  4. Analysis
  5. Synthesis
  6. Evaluation
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17
Q

Three Domains of Development

A

Cognitive, Affective, Psychomotor

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18
Q

Piaget’s Theory

A

Children learn through interaction with the environment and others

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19
Q

Sensorimotor

A

0-2; Retains image of objects, play is imitative, signals meaning (meaning in event), develops primitive logic in manipulating objects

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20
Q

Pre operational

A

2-7; Concrete to abstract thinking, can comprehend passage of time, acquires words and symbols, thinking is concrete, irreversible, and egocentric, magical thinking (imaginary friends are normal)

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21
Q

Concrete Operations

A

7-11; Beginning of abstract thought, games with rules, thinking is reversible, cause and effect relationship understood

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22
Q

Formal Operations

A

11 through maturity; higher level abstraction, planning for future, thinks hypothetically, assumes adult roles

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23
Q

Kohlberg’s Theory

A

Moral development paralleled cognitive development

Six stages of moral development that respond to more complex moral dilemmas – must past one stage before getting to the other

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24
Q

Pre conventional

A

Elementary school level (before 9);

Children obey an authority figure out of fear of punishment

Child acts acceptably to receive rewards/best interest

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25
Q

Conventional

A

Early adolescence

Acts to gain approval from others (good girl/boy)

Obey laws to maintain social system; Rules are rules

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26
Q

Postconventional

A

Adult

Genuine interest in welfare of others/being morally right

Guided by individual principles based on broad universal ethical principles

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27
Q

Learning Theory

A

How information is absorbed, processed and retained during learning

28
Q

Behaviorist Learning Theory

A

Pavlov/Skinner

Learning is viewed through change in behavior

Social workers try to change external environment

29
Q

Cognitive Learning Theory

A

Piaget

Learning is viewed through internal mental processes

Social workers aim to foster capacity and skills to improve learning

30
Q

Humanistic Learning Theory

A

Maslow

Learning is viewed as a person’s activities aimed at reaching his or her full potential

SW develop the whole person

31
Q

Behavioral Development

A

Suggest that personality is a result of interactions between the individual and the environment

Rejecting theories that take internal thoughts and feelings into account

32
Q

Respondent Behavior/Classical Conditioning

A

Involuntary behavior (stimulus elicits a response)

Conditioned stimulus eventually elicits the response normally elicited by the unconditioned stimulus (Pavlov)

33
Q

Operant Behavior

A

Voluntary behavior (controlled by its consequences in the environment)

Antecedent–>Response/Behavior –> Consequence (Skinner)

34
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Give pleasure

35
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Remove Pain

36
Q

Positive punishment

A

Remove pleasure

37
Q

Negative punishment

A

Remove pain

38
Q

Aversion therapy

A

An example of this is treating alcoholism with Antabuse

39
Q

Biofeedback

A

Helpful for ADHD and anxiety disorders

40
Q

Extinction

A

Withholding reinforcer that follows a behavior; behavior that fails to produce reinforcement will cease

41
Q

Flooding

A

Client’s anxiety is extinguished by prolonged real or imagined exposure to high intensity feared stimuli

42
Q

In vivo desensitization

A

Pairing and movement through a hierarchy of anxiety form least to most anxiety provoking situations; takes place in “real” setting

43
Q

Modeling

A

Method of instruction that involved an individual (the model) demonstrating the behavior to be acquired by the client

44
Q

Rational emotive therapy (RET)

A

Teaching client to counter self-defeating thinking with new, non-distressing self-statements

45
Q

Shaping

A

Reinforcing successive approximations of desired behavior

46
Q

Systematic desensitization

A

Anxiety inhibiting response cannot occur at the same time as the anxiety response

47
Q

Token economy

A

Receives tokens as reinforcement for performing specified behaviors; currency within the environment that can be exchanged for desired goods, services, or privileges

48
Q

Child development (definition)

A

Physical, mental, and socioemotional changes that occur between birth and end of adolescence

49
Q

Development in Infants and Toddlers 0-3

A

a. Key Healthcare Issues
i. Providing security, physical closeness, healthy bonds, physical health/screenings, safe environment

b. Age specific care
i. Parent-provided care, safe toys, encourage child communication, teach proper childcare

50
Q

Development in Young Children 4-7

A

a. Key Healthcare Issues
i. Give praise/rewards/clear rules, physical screenings/hygiene, safety habits

b. Age specific care
i. Involve parents and child in care, toys and games to teach child/reduce fear, encourage children to socialize more/talk about feelings

51
Q

Development in Older Children 7-12

A

a. Key Healthcare Issues
i. Help child feel competent/useful, physical screenings, info on drugs/sexuality, safety habits

b. Age specific care
i. Allow child to make some care decisions, build self-esteem, safe lifestyle choices

52
Q

Adolescent Development

A

a. Key Healthcare Issues
i. Acceptance, privacy, respect, physical screenings, sexual responsibility, discourage risk taking

b. Age specific care
i. Avoid authoritarian approaches, show respect, positive lifestyle choices, open communication

53
Q

Adult Development

A

Biological, psychological, and interpersonal domains of human life from end of adolescence until end of life.

54
Q

Middle Age Adult Development

A

a. Key Healthcare Issues
i. Hopeful attitude, strengths focus, regular checkups/health risks, age-related changes (sense, reflexes, etc.)

b. Age specific care
i. Worries about future, recognizing contributions, healthy active retirement plans

55
Q

Older Adult Development

A

a. Key Healthcare Issues
i. Respect, isolation, acceptance of aging, monitoring health, guarding against depression, apathy, promote home safety, preventing falls

b. Age specific care
i. Talk about feelings (grief, loss, achievements), safe medication use, support for coping with any impairments, encourage social activity

56
Q

Elder Development

A

a. Key Healthcare Issues
i. Express feelings/use humor/positivity, monitor health (nutrition, activity, rest, stress), prevent injury, safe living environment

b. Age specific care
i. Encourage independence (social activities), support end of life decisions, assist safe meds/safety grips/ramps/etc.

57
Q

Sexuality in Infants and Toddlers

A

i. By age of two children know their gender

ii. Aware of differences in the genitals of males and females and how they urinate

58
Q

Sexuality in Children (3-7 yo)

A

i. Highly affectionate and may imitate adult social and sexual behaviors (holding hands/kissing)
ii. Play doctor and look at each other’s genitals or play house/know about living with a partner – normal curiosity
iii. By age 5 or 6 most children become more modest about dressing/bathing

59
Q

Sexuality in preadolescent youth (8-12)

A

i. Children become more self-conscious about their bodies
ii. Masturbation increases in these years
iii. Same gender sexual behavior can occur at this stage (unrelated to orientation)
iv. By age 12 or 13 some young adolescents might pair off and begin dating and/or making out

60
Q

Sexuality in adolescent youth (13-19)

A

i. Strong emotional attachments to romantic partners

ii. Participate in sexual intercourse before the age of 20

61
Q

Adult sexuality

A

i. Women experience menopause around 50
1. Less vaginal lubrication
ii. Men’s testicles slow testosterone production after age 25 or so
1. Harder to achieve an erection/ejaculation lessens
iii. Neither loses desire for sexual expression

62
Q

Attachment Theory

A

John Bowlby; lasting psychological connectedness between human beings that can be understood within an evolutionary context in which a caregiver provides safety and security for a child

Children come into the world biologically programmed to form attachments – it helps them survive

Critical period is in the first 5 years of life

63
Q

Monotropy

A

The initial primary attachment figure that infants create as a sure base for exploring the world

Attachment is a set of learned behaviors

64
Q

Social/Situational Learning Theory

A

Bandura

Learning is obtained between people and their environments

Social workers establish opportunities for conversation and participation to occur

65
Q

Young Adult Development 18-35

A

a. Key Healthcare Issues
i. Respecting personal values, healthy lifestyle/checkups, health risks, hazards at home/work

b. Age specific care
i. Support in making healthcare decisions, recognize commitments to family, career, community (time/money)

LMSW Exam 2021 (1 decks)

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