theories of development

Question 1

critical period

Answer 1

Specific period during which development is especially responsive to influence; a time during which a developing system is especially vulnerable to injury and is thought to correspond to periods of rapid growth

Question 2

Sensitive period

Answer 2

A time during which exposure to things suffices in teaching rather than expending conscious effort to learn (e.g., foreign languages). More sensitive to certain stimuli, more influence by environmental factors.

Question 3

Freuds psychosexual developmental theory

Answer 3

Oral (birth to 18 – 24 months): sensuality seeking through oral exploration; Anal (18 – 24 months to 3 years): parental control over toileting and masturbation; Phallic (3 to 6 years): Oedipal complex; castration anxiety or penis envy. Latency (5 years to puberty): temporary freedom from sexual instincts and anxieties through repression. Genital (puberty to adulthood): sexual impulses no longer repressed; urges change to acceptable fulfillment of desires through loving another person

Question 4

assimilation

Answer 4

Integration of new experience with past experiences and problem-solving based on past experiences

Question 5

Accommodation

Answer 5

reorganization of mind based on discordance between new experience and past experiences in order to understand new experience

Question 6

Decalage

Answer 6

Unevenness in developmental progress across different cognitive abilities

Question 7

Jean Piagets stages of development

Answer 7

1. Sensorimotor (birth to 18 – 24 months): sensory exploration, object permanence. 2. Pre-operational (18 – 24 months to 7 years): symbolic capacities, magical explanations, single perceptual attribute. 3. Concrete Operations (7 to 12 years): conserve volume and quantity, reversibility of events, causal sequences. 4. Formal Operations (12 years – adulthood): abstract reasoning, metacognition

Question 8

John Bowlby’s theory

Answer 8

attachment theory- Babies are evolutionarily programmed to have relationships with primary caregivers. Has theories on attachment styles and parenting styles

Question 9

secure base

Answer 9

relationship with a person who provides comfort and safety and enables the infant/young child to explore the environment

Question 10

attachment at 2-7 months

Answer 10

Discrimination/Limited Preference- may be more comfortable with primary caregiver but is social with everyone and preferences not strongly expressed

Question 11

attachment at 7-12 months

Answer 11

preferred attachment- stranger anxiety, separation anxiety, felt security, development of trust, hierarchy of preffered caregiers

Question 12

attachment at 12-20 months

Answer 12

Use of attachment figure as a secure base from
which to venture out and explore. Use of attachment figure as a safe haven to which to
return if distressed or frightened. Proximity to caregiver promotes an internal feeling of security in infantUse of attachment figure as a secure base from
which to venture out and explore. Use of attachment figure as a safe haven to which to
return if distressed or frightened. Proximity to caregiver promotes an internal feeling of security in infantUse of attachment figure as a secure base from
which to venture out and explore. Use of attachment figure as a safe haven to which to
return if distressed or frightened. Proximity to caregiver promotes an internal feeling of security in infant

Question 13

Infant attachment styles

Answer 13

secure infants, avoidant infants, resistant infants, disorganized/disoriented

Question 14

describe secure infants

Answer 14

Seek proximity, contact and interaction with caregiver. Distress at separation but are happy to see caregiver upon return. More readily comforted by caregiver than stranger. 55-65% in low risk

Question 15

avoidant infants

Answer 15

Avoid proximity to caregivers at reunion. Treat mother the same as stranger. 15 – 20% in low risk

Question 16

resistant infants

Answer 16

Seek proximity then reject it. Anger toward caregiver and stranger. Passivity. 5 – 10% in low risk

Question 17

disorganized/disoriented infants

Answer 17

No coherent attachment strategy and strange behaviors. 15% in low risk

Question 18

Adult attachment styles

Answer 18

Autonomous: childhood relationships described as either negative or positive with specific examples; secure children. Dismissing: relationships with parents described as positive without specific examples; avoidant children. Preoccupied: relationships with parents described in negative or confused ways without examples; resistant children. Unresolved/ disorganized: incoherent narrative;
disorganized/disoriented childrenAutonomous: childhood relationships described as either negative or positive with specific examples; secure children. Dismissing: relationships with parents described as positive without specific examples; avoidant children. Preoccupied: relationships with parents described in negative or confused ways without examples; resistant children. Unresolved/ disorganized: incoherent narrative;
disorganized/disoriented children

Question 19

parenting styles and resulting children

Answer 19

1. Authoritative: high warmth and demandingness. Children are assertive, selfconfident, socially responsible, achievers. 2. Authoritarian: low warmth and high demandingness. Children are irritable, aggressive, dependent, with low self-esteem. 3. Permissive: high warmth and low demandingness. Children are impulsive, selfcentered, low achievers, frustrated. 4. Rejecting/neglecting: low warmth and demandingness. Children are low self-esteem,
   moody, impulsive1. Authoritative: high warmth and demandingness. Children are assertive, selfconfident, socially responsible, achievers. 2. Authoritarian: low warmth and high demandingness. Children are irritable, aggressive, dependent, with low self-esteem. 3. Permissive: high warmth and low demandingness. Children are impulsive, selfcentered, low achievers, frustrated. 4. Rejecting/neglecting: low warmth and demandingness. Children are low self-esteem,
   moody, impulsive

Question 20

Lawrence Kohlbergs theories

Answer 20

Stages of moral development and the Heinz dilemma

Question 21

Urie Bronfenbrenners theories

Answer 21

human ecology theory- Development involves interaction between individual and the environment

Question 22

adverse childhood experiences study (ACES)

Answer 22

adverse childhood experiences > social, emotional and cognitive impairment > adoption of health risk behaviors > disease, disability and social problems > early death

Question 23

ACES is directly related to …

Answer 23

alcoholism, COPD, depression, fetal death, drug use, ischemic heart disease, liver dz, multiple sex partners, STDs, smoking, suicide attempts, early pregnancies

Question 24

alcohol effects on fetus

Answer 24

low birth weight, physical defects, mental retardation, hyperactivity, poor impulse control

Question 25

cocaine effects on fetus

Answer 25

premature birth, low birth weight, physical defects, seizures, irritability, later learning disabilities and peer problems

Question 26

maternal malnutrition effects on fetus

Answer 26

prematurity, low birthweight, infant death,
reduction in brain cells, dendritic branching and mylenization. 3rd trimester damage is most critical b/c of rapid neuronal development, leads to decreased brain volumeprematurity, low birthweight, infant death,
reduction in brain cells, dendritic branching and mylenization. 3rd trimester damage is most critical b/c of rapid neuronal development, leads to decreased brain volume

Question 27

define preterm infant, very premature, low birthweight, very low birthweight, extremely low birthweight, late term infant

Answer 27

Preterm infant = < 37 weeks gestational age. Very premature = < 32 weeks. Low birthweight = < 2,500 grams (5 1/2 lbs). Very low birthweight = < 1,500 grams (3 1/3 lbs). Extremely low birthweight = < 1,000 grams (2 ¼ lbs). Late term infant = 37 to < 40 weeks

Question 28

brain development

Answer 28

25% of adult weight at birth. 4/5 of full weight by end of second year. Nearly at adult size by age 12 – 13. Cerebral cortex least developed at birth. Brain growth after birth results from increased neuronal size, dendridic branching and
myelinization25% of adult weight at birth. 4/5 of full weight by end of second year. Nearly at adult size by age 12 – 13. Cerebral cortex least developed at birth. Brain growth after birth results from increased neuronal size, dendridic branching and
myelinization

Question 29

Motor milestones at 0-6months

Answer 29

Primary reflexes (moro, babinski, rooting, sucking) resolve and become increasingly purposeful. Habituation after repeated exposure. Reaching (3m), rolling (4m), sitting up (6m)

Question 30

cognitive milestones at 0-6months

Answer 30

visual/auditory tracking, imitation

Question 31

social milestones at 0-6 months

Answer 31

social smile (6w), stranger anxiety (6m), babbling and cooing to vocalization

Question 32

motor milestones at 6-12 months

Answer 32

Banging/shaking (6-7m), crawling (8m), pulling up (9 – 11m), standing (11m), walking (12m).

Question 33

cognitive milestones at 6-12 months

Answer 33

plays games, object permanence (9m), cause and effect, first words (9-12m).

Question 34

social milestones at 6-12 months

Answer 34

stranger anxiety peaks, separation anxiety (8m)

Question 35

motor skills 12-36 months

Answer 35

walking, climbing, running, hitting/biting, tool use (crayons)

Question 36

cognitive skills 12-36 months

Answer 36

single words and brief phrases (12-18mos), follows 1 step commands (12m), number concepts (2-3yr)

Question 37

social skills at 12-36 months

Answer 37

tantrums and passions, increasing independnce, follow rules, potty training (2-3 yrs)

Question 38

terrible Ts

Answer 38

toddlers- tantrums, taking, time outs, transitions, sleep terrors, potty time

Question 39

myelinization of CNS continues until….

Answer 39

5th decade

Question 40

social skills continue to improve until age…

Answer 40

30

Question 41

delay of gratification peaks at age …

Answer 41

40