theories of development Flashcards
critical period
Specific period during which development is especially responsive to influence; a time during which a developing system is especially vulnerable to injury and is thought to correspond to periods of rapid growth
Sensitive period
A time during which exposure to things suffices in teaching rather than expending conscious effort to learn (e.g., foreign languages). More sensitive to certain stimuli, more influence by environmental factors.
Freuds psychosexual developmental theory
Oral (birth to 18 – 24 months): sensuality seeking through oral exploration; Anal (18 – 24 months to 3 years): parental control over toileting and masturbation; Phallic (3 to 6 years): Oedipal complex; castration anxiety or penis envy. Latency (5 years to puberty): temporary freedom from sexual instincts and anxieties through repression. Genital (puberty to adulthood): sexual impulses no longer repressed; urges change to acceptable fulfillment of desires through loving another person
assimilation
Integration of new experience with past experiences and problem-solving based on past experiences
Accommodation
reorganization of mind based on discordance between new experience and past experiences in order to understand new experience
Decalage
Unevenness in developmental progress across different cognitive abilities
Jean Piagets stages of development
- Sensorimotor (birth to 18 – 24 months): sensory exploration, object permanence. 2. Pre-operational (18 – 24 months to 7 years): symbolic capacities, magical explanations, single perceptual attribute. 3. Concrete Operations (7 to 12 years): conserve volume and quantity, reversibility of events, causal sequences. 4. Formal Operations (12 years – adulthood): abstract reasoning, metacognition
John Bowlby’s theory
attachment theory- Babies are evolutionarily programmed to have relationships with primary caregivers. Has theories on attachment styles and parenting styles
secure base
relationship with a person who provides comfort and safety and enables the infant/young child to explore the environment
attachment at 2-7 months
Discrimination/Limited Preference- may be more comfortable with primary caregiver but is social with everyone and preferences not strongly expressed
attachment at 7-12 months
preferred attachment- stranger anxiety, separation anxiety, felt security, development of trust, hierarchy of preffered caregiers
attachment at 12-20 months
Use of attachment figure as a secure base from
which to venture out and explore. Use of attachment figure as a safe haven to which to
return if distressed or frightened. Proximity to caregiver promotes an internal feeling of security in infantUse of attachment figure as a secure base from
which to venture out and explore. Use of attachment figure as a safe haven to which to
return if distressed or frightened. Proximity to caregiver promotes an internal feeling of security in infantUse of attachment figure as a secure base from
which to venture out and explore. Use of attachment figure as a safe haven to which to
return if distressed or frightened. Proximity to caregiver promotes an internal feeling of security in infant
Infant attachment styles
secure infants, avoidant infants, resistant infants, disorganized/disoriented
describe secure infants
Seek proximity, contact and interaction with caregiver. Distress at separation but are happy to see caregiver upon return. More readily comforted by caregiver than stranger. 55-65% in low risk
avoidant infants
Avoid proximity to caregivers at reunion. Treat mother the same as stranger. 15 – 20% in low risk
resistant infants
Seek proximity then reject it. Anger toward caregiver and stranger. Passivity. 5 – 10% in low risk
disorganized/disoriented infants
No coherent attachment strategy and strange behaviors. 15% in low risk
Adult attachment styles
Autonomous: childhood relationships described as either negative or positive with specific examples; secure children. Dismissing: relationships with parents described as positive without specific examples; avoidant children. Preoccupied: relationships with parents described in negative or confused ways without examples; resistant children. Unresolved/ disorganized: incoherent narrative;
disorganized/disoriented childrenAutonomous: childhood relationships described as either negative or positive with specific examples; secure children. Dismissing: relationships with parents described as positive without specific examples; avoidant children. Preoccupied: relationships with parents described in negative or confused ways without examples; resistant children. Unresolved/ disorganized: incoherent narrative;
disorganized/disoriented children
parenting styles and resulting children
- Authoritative: high warmth and demandingness. Children are assertive, selfconfident, socially responsible, achievers. 2. Authoritarian: low warmth and high demandingness. Children are irritable, aggressive, dependent, with low self-esteem. 3. Permissive: high warmth and low demandingness. Children are impulsive, selfcentered, low achievers, frustrated. 4. Rejecting/neglecting: low warmth and demandingness. Children are low self-esteem,
moody, impulsive1. Authoritative: high warmth and demandingness. Children are assertive, selfconfident, socially responsible, achievers. 2. Authoritarian: low warmth and high demandingness. Children are irritable, aggressive, dependent, with low self-esteem. 3. Permissive: high warmth and low demandingness. Children are impulsive, selfcentered, low achievers, frustrated. 4. Rejecting/neglecting: low warmth and demandingness. Children are low self-esteem,
moody, impulsive
Lawrence Kohlbergs theories
Stages of moral development and the Heinz dilemma
Urie Bronfenbrenners theories
human ecology theory- Development involves interaction between individual and the environment
adverse childhood experiences study (ACES)
adverse childhood experiences > social, emotional and cognitive impairment > adoption of health risk behaviors > disease, disability and social problems > early death
ACES is directly related to …
alcoholism, COPD, depression, fetal death, drug use, ischemic heart disease, liver dz, multiple sex partners, STDs, smoking, suicide attempts, early pregnancies
alcohol effects on fetus
low birth weight, physical defects, mental retardation, hyperactivity, poor impulse control
cocaine effects on fetus
premature birth, low birth weight, physical defects, seizures, irritability, later learning disabilities and peer problems
maternal malnutrition effects on fetus
prematurity, low birthweight, infant death,
reduction in brain cells, dendritic branching and mylenization. 3rd trimester damage is most critical b/c of rapid neuronal development, leads to decreased brain volumeprematurity, low birthweight, infant death,
reduction in brain cells, dendritic branching and mylenization. 3rd trimester damage is most critical b/c of rapid neuronal development, leads to decreased brain volume
define preterm infant, very premature, low birthweight, very low birthweight, extremely low birthweight, late term infant
Preterm infant = < 37 weeks gestational age. Very premature = < 32 weeks. Low birthweight = < 2,500 grams (5 1/2 lbs). Very low birthweight = < 1,500 grams (3 1/3 lbs). Extremely low birthweight = < 1,000 grams (2 ¼ lbs). Late term infant = 37 to < 40 weeks
brain development
25% of adult weight at birth. 4/5 of full weight by end of second year. Nearly at adult size by age 12 – 13. Cerebral cortex least developed at birth. Brain growth after birth results from increased neuronal size, dendridic branching and
myelinization25% of adult weight at birth. 4/5 of full weight by end of second year. Nearly at adult size by age 12 – 13. Cerebral cortex least developed at birth. Brain growth after birth results from increased neuronal size, dendridic branching and
myelinization
Motor milestones at 0-6months
Primary reflexes (moro, babinski, rooting, sucking) resolve and become increasingly purposeful. Habituation after repeated exposure. Reaching (3m), rolling (4m), sitting up (6m)
cognitive milestones at 0-6months
visual/auditory tracking, imitation
social milestones at 0-6 months
social smile (6w), stranger anxiety (6m), babbling and cooing to vocalization
motor milestones at 6-12 months
Banging/shaking (6-7m), crawling (8m), pulling up (9 – 11m), standing (11m), walking (12m).
cognitive milestones at 6-12 months
plays games, object permanence (9m), cause and effect, first words (9-12m).
social milestones at 6-12 months
stranger anxiety peaks, separation anxiety (8m)
motor skills 12-36 months
walking, climbing, running, hitting/biting, tool use (crayons)
cognitive skills 12-36 months
single words and brief phrases (12-18mos), follows 1 step commands (12m), number concepts (2-3yr)
social skills at 12-36 months
tantrums and passions, increasing independnce, follow rules, potty training (2-3 yrs)
terrible Ts
toddlers- tantrums, taking, time outs, transitions, sleep terrors, potty time
myelinization of CNS continues until….
5th decade
social skills continue to improve until age…
30
delay of gratification peaks at age …
40
