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Criminology > Theories Of Criminal Behavior > Flashcards

Theories Of Criminal Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Beccaria, a classical school theorist, proposed several arguments concerning crime and punishment. Which of the following is not one of those arguments?

A

Punishment should be used to set an example for the rest of society

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2
Q

True or false: the most important feature of the classical school is an emphasis on the offender as a person capable of calculating what he or she wants

A

True

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3
Q

True or false: fearing political reprisal, beccaria first published his book anonymously

A

True

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4
Q

According to the classical school of thought offenders use ___ to rationalize criminal behavior

A

A hedonistic calculus

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5
Q

True or false: the classical school of thought provided a definite and conclusive answer to the question what causes crime

A

False

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6
Q

Lombroso, an early positivist school theorist classifies criminals into four categories. Which of the following is not one of them

A 
Criminals of passion
Criminaloids
Insane criminals
CRIMINAL MAN
Born criminals
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7
Q

Which body type was considered most prone to deviance by Sheldon and his colleagues?

A

Mesomorph

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8
Q

True or false: Freud’s main research goal was to use personality to solely explain the occurrence of criminal behavior.

A

False

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9
Q

During the 19th and early 20th century the stage was set for _____ forms of control that would contain or eliminate crime.

A

Scientifically justified

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10
Q

Which of the following best describes the social context of the Chicago school?

A

Cities are growing at a rapid pace
Immigrants are moving to Chicago
African Americans are fleeing the south
And displaced farmworkers are relocating

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11
Q

In which of the five centric zones is social disorganization the highest?

A

Zone 2 the zone in transition

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12
Q

What important finding emerged out of Sampson and groves study?

A

Structural factors increase social disorganization and crime

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13
Q

True or false: According to Sutherland, crime is learned through differential association

A

True

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14
Q

The theory of differential association has nine core propositions. Which of the following is not one of the nine

A

Learning criminality does not include techniques of commuting crimes.

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15
Q

Which of the following best describes the concept of collective efficiency

A

Social cohesion among neighbors and a willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good

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16
Q

True or false: according to cultural attesting theory, some neighborhoods have high crime rates because a criminal culture is adopted by members of the community

A

False

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17
Q

Which of the following is not included in Anderson’s definition of the code of the street

A

The code is set of informal rules governing interpersonal public behavior
The code describes proper conduct when being challenged
The code regulates the use of violence
The code supplies rationale allowing aggressors to participate violence in an approved way

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18
Q

If you drive down the highway going 95 mph because you believe that the 70 mph limit is too slow, you are using what type of definition according to Akers

A

Neutralizing

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19
Q

Which of the following programs according to differential association theory and social learning theory would be best profitable in reducing crime?

A

Positive peer counseling
Programs that use token economy
Cognitive behavioral programs
And programs to better parenting skills

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20
Q

True or false: According to Robert Merton strain in the us stems from the universal acceptance of the American dream of success and wealth

A

True

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21
Q

An individual who does not strive for wealth but continues to work at a minimum wage job is considered to fall under which mode of individual adaptation?

A

Ritualist

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22
Q

Which of the following is not a critique of classical strain theory?

A

The analysis of strain theory is too broad and penetrating

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23
Q

General strain theory argues that there are several factors which decrease the chance of an individual reacting to strain with deviance. Which of the following is not one of these factors

A

Available access to illegitimate means

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24
Q

True or false: general strain theory states that if any person experienced any kind of strain in any type of situation, they are always likely to engage in crime

A

False

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25
Q

True or false: institutional anomie theory can also be viewed as macro level version and extension of Mertons paradigm of social structure and anomie theory

A

True

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26
Q

Messner and Rosenfeld argue that _____ institution dominates American society and in turn leads to high rates of crime

A

The economic.

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27
Q

According to strain theory, which of the following programs would be the best aid in reducing criminal behavior?

A

Education programs like head start
Job trading programs in disadvantaged communities
Equal access to job opportunities
Rehabilitation programs in prisons

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28
Q

Alchoholics, drug addicts, and vagrants would be categorized as___ according to Mertons strain theory

A

Retreatests

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29
Q

According to the general strain theory, in which of the following cases would strain most likely lead to deviance?

A

If the strain is caused by low social control

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30
Q

Which two theories did Travis Hirschi develop?

A

Social bond theory and self control theory

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31
Q

True or false: social bond theory assumes that humans seek immediate gratification. Accordingly theories should explain why people don’t commit crimes

A

True

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32
Q

According to Hirschi motivation to commit crime____

A

Is universal

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33
Q

Which four bonds are identified in social bond theory?

A

Attachment belief commitment and involvement

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34
Q

Which of the four bonds identified in social bond theory argued that people do not commit crime because they do not have much leisure time

A

Involvement

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35
Q

Which of the following characteristics best describes someone who has low self control according to gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime

A

Impulsive
Intensive
Physical
And risk taking

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36
Q

The general theory of crime argues that individuals who have low self control will exhibit which of the following characteristics?

A

Higher likelihood of commuting crimes

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37
Q

True or false: the general theory of crime and social bond theory both argue that criminal propensity is stable across life course

A

False

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38
Q

Hirschis 2004 essay offered a revised self control theory. Which of the following is one of the revisions offered by Hirschi

A

Social bonds are stable across the life course
Self control is defined as the tendency to consider their full range of costs of commuting a crime
Social bonds are the same as self control
And social bonds are internal

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39
Q

Levels of self control are a product of____

A

Direct parental control

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40
Q

True or false: in the view of labeling theorist, state intervention such as incarceration can have criminogenic outcomes

A

True

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41
Q

_____ refers to crime which occurs after an individual has been labeled as a criminal

A

Secondary deviance

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42
Q

What does Sampson’s concept of ecological bias refer to?

A

Police are more likely to arrest residents of poor neighborhoods than of more affluent communities

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43
Q

Which theory argues that minorities have a higher chance of being arrested because police are likely to be deployed in inner cities

A

Deployment theory

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44
Q

Which theory argues that racial disparity in the criminal justice system increases in areas where minority populations are rising?

A

Racial threat theory

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45
Q

Which policies were embraced by labeling theorists

A

Decriminalization
Due process
Diversion
And deinstitutionalization

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46
Q

According to Braithwaite____ is the process of expressing disapproval with the intention of invoking remorse causing stigmatization and exclusion

A

Disintegrative shaming

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47
Q

What does restorative justice suggest criminal sanctions should accomplish?

A

They should restore the victim to an unharmed status and the offender to the community

48
Q

According to Rose and Clears coerced mobility theory, removing a large number of offenders from underclass neighborhoods can have which of the following effects

A

It will increase the community’s crime rate

49
Q

True or false: according to Sherman’s deviance theory, if a punishment is viewed as legitimate it may have a crime reducing effect

A

True

50
Q

If a theory focuses on power struggles between individuals and or groups it falls under the general category of what kind of theory?

A

Conflict theory

51
Q

True or false: according to Marx and Engels and a host of other conflict theorists, crime would diminish if capitalism was overthrown

A

True

52
Q

During what decade did conflict theories become a prominent part of criminology

A

1960’s

53
Q

According to Turk____ Norma are words indicating what is expected in society, and ____ norms are actual behaviors according to society

A

Cultural, social

54
Q

Turk describes four scenarios in which the probability of conflict was assessed. In which of the four scenarios is conflict most likely

A

When subjects are high organized and relatively unsophisticated

55
Q

True or false: the likelihood that conflict will arise according to Turk is lowest for groups such as syndicate criminals

A

False

56
Q

True or false: according to Chambliss and Seidman is a group has a high political or economic position it’s norms and values are more likely to be reflected in societies laws.

A

True

57
Q

True or false: chambliss argues that all societies capatilists and socialists have very similar crime rates

A

False

58
Q

Which of the following crimes, according to quinney, are considered crimes of domination

A

Crimes of control
Police brutality
White collar crime
And crimes of the government

59
Q

Which of the following crimes, according to Quinney, are considered crimes of accommodation and resistance?

A

Theft

60
Q

Which of the following best describes the gender gap question?

A

Weather/ why women commit less crime than men

61
Q

True or false: the second wave of the women’s movement started in 2010

A

False

62
Q

Simons and steffensmeier both agreed on which statement in regards to women and crime

A

Law enforcement officers were becoming more likely to arrest female offenders

63
Q

____ emphasizes the gender socialization as the cause of crime

A

Liberal feminism

64
Q

True or false: sally Simpson found that African American rates of female violence were almost identical to the rates of white female ciolence

A

False

65
Q

True or false: Jodi millers getting played added place as an important factor in the intersection of race gender and class

A

True

66
Q

True or false: Messerschmidt argues that males who are blocked from achieving goals must find new ways of showing their maleness which can result in crime and deviance

A

True

67
Q

According to the male peer support theory what is among the principal causes of male violence toward female counterparts

A

Threats to masculinity

68
Q

Which of the following is not one of the five pathways to crime according to the work of kathleen Daly

A 
All of the above are pathways
Parental drug addiction
Relationships with abusive men
Child abuse
Drug market involvement
69
Q

True or false: in the juvenile justice court girls may receive harsher sentences than boys simply because judges see them as more deceitful and manipulative

A

True

70
Q

True or false: criminology has historically paid a large amount of attention to white collar crime

A

False

71
Q

Who of the following theorists is considered to be the father of white collar crime

A

Edwin Sutherland

72
Q

Which of the following best describes a white collar offender according to Sutherland’s definition of white collar crime

A

The CEO of a company embezzling millions of dollars

73
Q

According to the work of climate and Yeager the culture of a corporation has corporate defenses to law violations. These beliefs or rationalizations define why the laws regulating companies can be obeyed selectively. Which is not an example of these rationalizations

A

Regulations are designed to protect consumers

74
Q

Which theory did braithwaite apply to white collar crime

A

Reintegration shaming theory

75
Q

Which of the following components is involved in creating criminal opportunity

A

An attractive target and absence of a capable guardian

76
Q

Donald Cressey developed the ____ which includes the following components: motivation opportunity and decision making

A

Fraud triangle

77
Q

True or false: rational choice theory argues that if the benefits of committing a white collar crime outweigh the potential costs the crime will likely occur

A

True

78
Q

Which of the following would be considered a state initiated corporate crime

A

The explosion of the space shuttle challenger

79
Q

True or false: Sutherland argues that white collar crime flourished because society was disorganized and American society was not organized against this form of illegality

A

True

80
Q

True or false: Conservative criminology argues that economic inequality and capitalism are at the root cause of America’s high crime rates

A

False

81
Q

Wilson and Herrnsteins publication crime and human nature introduced which of the following perspectives to conservative criminology

A

Biosocial

82
Q

True or false: herrnstein and Murray argues that intelligence was the most robust predictor of criminal behavior

A

True

83
Q

There are several flaws with herrnstein and Murray’s argument that IQ and crime are related. Which of the following is considered to be such a flaw?

A

Prior research shows that IQ and crime are only weakly related
When other known predictors of crime are included in a statistical model, IQ does not appear to matter in predicting crime
And the policy implications were based on conservative ideology and not science

84
Q

True or false: according to Herrnstein an Murray the criminal justice system is too simple and should be made more intricate to reduce criminal behavior

A

False

85
Q

Which of the following, according to Samenow would not be considered a trait if a criminal mind

A

Sensitivity

86
Q

The___ argues that people commit crimes because crime pays and because the benefits of committing a crime outweigh the costs

A

Rational choice perspective

87
Q

The ___ argues that of social disorganization is left unattended disorderly people can take over a neighborhood and increase crime rate

A

Broken windows perspective

88
Q

True or false: Wilson and keelings broken windows perspective argues that increasing formal control creates conditions that allow for more effective informal control

A

True

89
Q

True or false: according to the moral poverty model, crime would decrease if parents and schools use discipline and punishment more effectively

A

True

90
Q

According to routine activities model, which elements must be present in order for crime to occur

A

A motivated offender a suitable target and an absence of a capable guardian

91
Q

True or false: according to the routine activities perspective, a suitable target can only include a person and not an object pr property

A

False

92
Q

The routine activities model argues that predatory crime rates have increased since WWII because of what

A

There was a shift of routine activities away from the home

93
Q

According to Ecks crime triangle model_____ are responsible for the proper functioning of a particular place and can include store clerk a door man or a teacher

A

Managers

94
Q

According to rational choice theory, decisions offenders make are____

A

Purposive

95
Q

True or false: criminology and social psychology have consistently indicated that humans carefully calculate every single action and constantly weigh costs against benefits

A

False

96
Q

Which of the following is considered a policy implication of perceptual deterrence theory

A

Replacing inconsistent and severe punishments with swift and certain punishments
And moving from mass incarceration to more targeted policing

97
Q

True or false: situational action theory argues that the likelihood of committing a crime depends on the situation

A

True

98
Q

True or false: perceptual deterrence theory does not assume that the offender is rational

A

True

99
Q

____ theories suggest that biological traits interact with the social environment to shape human behavior

A

Biosocial

100
Q

Following conditional adaptation theory, policy implications would focus on____

A

Environmental change

101
Q

Mendnick proposed that certain high risk individuals have inherited an ____ that is less sensitive to environmental stimuli

A

Autonomic nervous system

102
Q

True or false: behavioral genetics w

Began with the observation that antisocial behavior is more common among females that males in virtually all societies

A

False

103
Q

According to Agnew which is not one of the four elements of a social concern

A

All are elements of a social concern
Care about welfare of others
Desire close ties to certain others
Conform to the behavior and views of others
Follow certain moral intuitions as well as punish those who violate such intuitions

104
Q

Which theory maintains that the reward centers in those predisposed to criminality are much more powerful that the inhibitory systems that monitor and control them

A

Reward dominance theory

105
Q

Whole complex there is an association between low levels of serotonin and _____

A

Violence

106
Q

True or false: most biosocial theories of crime suggest that genetic traits interact with the environment to shape human behavior

A

True

107
Q

The suboptimal arousal theory argues that offenders have a different ANS making offenders _____

A

More fearless because environmental stimuli have less impact on their ANS and
More in need of environmental stimulation and this more sensation seeking

108
Q

Around what age does the age crime curve peak

A

17

109
Q

I’m criminal career research ____ refers to studying when offenders stop committing crime

A

Desistance

110
Q

True or false: when criminal career researchers refer to lambda they are talking about the incidence of crime or how frequently crime is committed

A

True

111
Q

Which of the following elements are included in Elliot and colleagues conceptualization of the social bond

A

Integration and

Commitment

112
Q

Which two theoretical models are integrated in Thornberrys interactional theory

A

Social control and social learning theory

113
Q

True or false: thornberrys interactional theory proposes that the variables in the model are unidirectional. That is there are no reciprocal effects between the variables

A

False

114
Q

According to Patterson social interactional developmental model ____ offenders are marked by continuity in offending, while _____ offenders are marked by discontinuity

A

Early onset, late onset

115
Q

According to Moffitts developmental theory_____ offenders are marked by continuity in offending while ____ offenders are marked by discontinuity

A

Life course persistent, adolescent limited

116
Q

Sampson and Laura age graded theory of informal social control uses____ but applies it to and individuals entire life course instead of adolescence only

A

Hirschis social bond theory

117
Q

True or false: moffitt argues that the main cause of adolescent limited offending is the maturity gap

A

True

Criminology (1 decks)

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