theories of crime (contemporary approaches

Question 1

Individuals were thought to be possessed by good or evil spirits, which caused good
or evil.

Answer 1

Demonological Theory

Question 2

Children and lunatics cannot calculate pain and pleasure, therefore, must be exempted from criminal liability.

Answer 2

Neo-Classical Theory

Question 3

Utilitarian Hedonism which explains that a person always acts in such a way as to
seek pleasure and avoid pain. (Bentham)

Men are rational being who has the freewill to choose between good or evil. (Beccaria)

Answer 3

Classical Theory by
Cesare Beccaria & Jeremy Bentham

Question 4

Criminals are like sick people who requires rehabilitation rather than the imposition of punishment.

Answer 4

Positivists Theory by
Raffaele Garofalo, Enrico Ferri, and Cesare Lombroso

Question 5

Crime is an important ingredient to all healthy societies.

Answer 5

Anomie Theory by
Emile Durkheim

Question 6

Crime is a symbolic expression of one’s inner tension which a person but fails to control.

Answer 6

Psychoanalytical Theory by
Sigmund Freud

Question 7

Heredity is the primary determinant of one’s behavior and
body physique is a reliable indicator of one’s personality.

Answer 7

Somatotyping Theory by
William Sheldon

Question 8

Criminal behavior is learned through social interaction in the process of communication.

Answer 8

Differential Association Theory by
Edwin Sutherland

Question 9

It maintains that the failure of a man to achieve a higher status of life caused them to commit crimes in order for that status or
goal to be attained

Answer 9

Strain Theory by
Robert King Merton

Question 10

Crimes against person increase during summer and crimes against property increase during winter.

Answer 10

Cartographical School of Criminology by
Adolphe Quetelet

Question 11

Criminals are originally inferior and that crime is the result of the impact of the environment.

Answer 11

General Inferiority Theory by
Earnest Hooton

Question 12

Humans, like other animals, are parasites. Man is an organism having an animalistic behavior that is dependent on other animals for survival. Thus, man kills and steals to live.

Answer 12

Evolution Theory by
Charles Darwin

Question 13

Behavior becomes criminal if it is labeled as such.

Answer 13

Labeling Theory by
Frank Tannembaum, Edwin Lernert, and Howard Becker

Question 14

It explains that society leads the lower class to want things and society does things to people.

Answer 14

Differential Opportunity Theory by Lloyd Ohlin

Question 15

It maintains that crime is a function of social change that occurs along with environmental change.
It maintains that isolation, segregation, competition, conflict, social contract, interaction and social hierarchy of people are the major influences of criminal behavior and crimes

Answer 15

Human Ecology Theory by
Robert Ezra Park

Question 16

This theory is a form of control, which suggests that a series of both internal and external factors contributes to criminal behavior.

Answer 16

Containment Theory by
Walter Reckless

Question 17

It claims that the ruling class in a capitalist society is responsible for the creation of criminal law and their ideological bases in the interpretation and enforcement of their laws.

Answer 17

Social Class Conflict & Capitalism Theory by
Karl Marx, Frederick Engel, and Willian Bonger

Question 18

He claims that the lower class cannot socialize effectively as the middle class in what is considered appropriate middle class behavior. Thus, the lower class gathers together to share their common values forming a subculture that rejects middle class values.

Answer 18

Subculture Theory by
Albert Cohen

Question 19

It maintains that an individual will obey or disobey societal rules depending upon his or her ability to rationalize whether he is protected from hurt or destruction.

Answer 19

Neutralization Theory by
Gresham Sykes