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Forensic Psychology > Theories of Crime and Offenders > Flashcards

Theories of Crime and Offenders Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Robert Merton’s strain theory?

A

the inability to achieve economic success causes anomie or the desire to achieve success through deviant means
MODERATE THEORY

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2
Q

What is absolute deprivation/conflict theory?

A

crime is a socially constructed label that powerful groups placed onto groups who hold less social power to control them

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3
Q

What is the Blau and Blau theory of relative deprivation/inequality?

A

the perceived inequality for distribution of resources causes stress, resentment and deviance
STRONG THEORY

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4
Q

What is rational choice theory?

A

offenders make rational judgements about their decision to engage in crime
WEAK THEORY

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5
Q

What is the feminist theory of crime?

A

males who seek to maintain power in the gendered social system through the deployment of violence against women and children

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6
Q

What is the Shaw and McKay theory of social disorganisation?

A

crime is a function of neighbourhood dynamics which produces a lack of behavioural control mechanisms
STRONG THEORY

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7
Q

What is the Cohen and Felson routine activity theory?

A

a mixture of motivation, capable guardian absence and a suitable victim lead to crime
MODERATE THEORY

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8
Q

What is the Cloward and Ohlin theory of differential opportunity?

A

discontent arising from different access to socially desired goals

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9
Q

What is the Cullen social support/altruism theory?

A

social support, cohesion and altruism decreases crime

MODERATE THEORY

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10
Q

What is the Fisher subcultural delinquency theory?

A

large urban areas create criminal conventions, increase likelihood of coming into contact with criminogenic interests, development of in-group biases

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11
Q

What is the Sutherland differential association theory?

A

social milieu affects motives attitudes, drives and types of crime committed

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12
Q

What are the Glueck and Glueck criminogenic factors?

A

punitive child rearing practises, lack of love, rejection, lack of boundaries and supervision, family disruption and deviant parental characteristics

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13
Q

List some strong predictors of crime?

A

racial heterogeneity
poverty
family disruption
levels of incarceration

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14
Q

What is the biological theory of crime?

A

crime is a form of illness caused by pathological factors; mental and physical inferiority causing an inability to learn and follow rules

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15
Q

What is sociobiological theory?

A

as humans it has been considered advantageous in the past

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16
Q

What is psychodynamic theory?

A

an abnormal development of the psyche
weak superego; weak moral and social constraints resulting from abnormal familial relationships
deviant superego; internalisation of same sex parent so act as a poor moral regulator
powerful superego; renders the person anxious or guilty much of the time so crime is an outburst of built up aggression

17
Q

How can Bowlby’s attachment theory be applied to crime?

A

the inability to form meaningful social relationships in adulthood is dependent on difficult attachment as a child

18
Q

What are some common characteristics of criminals?

A

disturbed backgrounds
drug and alcohol problems
antisocial traits
adverse life events

19
Q

Define actus reus

A

behaviour was voluntary with criminal intent, exercising free will and can be held responsible for their actions

20
Q

Define mens reus

A

relates to the state of mind and if they intended to commit the crime and if they understood the consequences of their actions

21
Q

What did Angermeyer and Schulze find in relation to media representation of crime?

A

the largest proportions of stories about the mentality ill were concerned with murder

22
Q

What are early starters?

A

a consistent history of antisocial behaviour from a young age and a pattern of antisocial behaviour when unwell

23
Q

What are late starters?

A

history of offending tends to be during the onset of symptoms, more positively helped by treatment

24
Q

How is mania related to crime?

A

criminal history has been linked to manic episodes perhaps due to decreased disinhibition

25
Q

How does substance abuse affect criminal behaviour?

A

there is 14x increase in offending

26
Q

What is social identity theory?

A

our self-concept, self-esteem and general sense of who we are is built on our social memberships

27
Q

What are 3 built in social cognitive processes?

A

social categorisation
social identification
social comparison

28
Q

What is personality disorder?

A

significant impairments in self and interpersonal functioning, relatively stable across time, not directly due to effects of a substance or medical condition

29
Q

How could personality disorder lead to crime?

A

problematic; causes distress
persistent; chronic problems emerging in adolescence and persisting throughout life
pervasive; problems occur in a number of contexts

30
Q

What problems can be caused by attachment issues?

A

lack of understanding of own thoughts, feelings and intentions of others and less resilient to later adverse experiences

31
Q

What is the biopsychosocial model?

A

the interaction between genetic vulnerabilities, attachment problems and social factors buffering or exacerbating problematic traits

32
Q

What are some features of offenders with personality disorders?

A 
antisocial
emotionally unstable
narcissistic
paranoid
psychopathy
33
Q

What are some antisocial traits?

A 
rule breaking
impulsivity
aggression
remorseless
irresponsible
deceitful
conduct disorder
violence
34
Q

What are some emotionally unstable traits?

A

problems with emotional regulation
unstable relationships
impulsivity
unstable self-image

35
Q

What are some narcissistic traits?

A 
inflated self-esteem
exploit others
contempt for others
feel above the law
feeling of entitlement
shame/rage if superiority is threatened
36
Q

What are some paranoid traits?

A 
mistrust
suspicion
grievance/resentment
feeling of unfair treatment/attack
domestic violence/stalking
aggressive response to threat
37
Q

What are some psychopathy traits?

A

affective; superficial charm, grandiose, manipulative, lack of remorse/guilt and emotionally shallow
behavioural; impulsive, irresponsible, criminal versatility and short term relationships

38
Q

What actions are people with personality disorder more likely to do?

A

re-offend violently
be recalled to prison
drop out of programmes
complain about professionals

39
Q

What types of therapy can be used to treat personality disorder?

A

dialectical BT
metallisation based therapy
schema therapy
cognitive analytic therapy

Forensic Psychology (4 decks)

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