Theories of Crime and Index Crime

Question 1

Criminology

Answer 1

is the scientific study of criminal behavior, its causes, patterns , and affects upon society

Question 2

Deterrence theory

Answer 2

argues that criminal behavior is affected by the cost of crime ( formal and informal punishments)

Question 3

Rational Choice Theory

Answer 3

is no different from noncriminal behavior in that it is conduct that persons intentionally choose to undertake, and the reason that they choose to commit crime is that they think it will be more rewarding and less costly for them than noncriminal behavior.

Question 4

Who developed the Classical School of Criminology?

Answer 4

Jeremy Bentham and Cesare de Baccaria

Question 5

Classical School Theories

Answer 5

The school of thought hat individuals have free will to choose whether or not to commit crimes and that criminals should have rights in the criminal justice system

Question 6

Neoclassical school theories

Answer 6

School of thought that is similar to classical school theories, except for the belief that there are mitigating circumstances for criminal acts, such as the age or mental capacity of the offender, and punishment should fit the crime.

Question 7

4 Principles of Classical Theory

Answer 7

Individuals have the will and rationality to act according to their own will and desires
Individual will calculate the rationality of the crime based on the benefits of the crime versus the consequences of the crime
Severity of the punishment should be determined by the severity of the crime to deter others and reduce crime
Punishment must be swift and appropriate to deter others and reduce crime

Question 8

Routine Activity Theory

Answer 8

(1) Must be a motivated offender
(2) A suitable target
(3) Absence of a capable guardian

Question 9

Rational Choice Theory

Answer 9

Argues that people voluntarily, willfully choose to commit criminal acts just like the willfully choose to other things

Question 10

Bio Criminology

Answer 10

the study of the role of genetics and neurophysiologic variables as they relate to criminal behavior

Question 11

Positive school theories

Answer 11

Primarily based on sociology and psychology, that people commit crimes because of uncontrollable internal or external factors, which can be observed and measured

Question 12

Atavistic stigmata

Answer 12

physical characteristics, representing earlier or pre human stages of evolution that were believed to distinguish criminals from others

Question 13

Hard Determinism

Answer 13

Theory that human behavior and actions are wholly determined by external factors, and therefore humans do not have genuine free will or ethical accountability

Question 14

Soft Determinism

Answer 14

Theory that human behavior and actions are wholly determined by causal events, but free will does exist when defined as the capacity to act according to one’s nature

Question 15

ID

Answer 15

operated at an unconscious level according to the pleasure principle (gratification from satisfying basic instincts)

Question 16

Ego

Answer 16

Develops during infancy. The ego’s goal is to satisfy the demands of the id in a safe an socially acceptable way

Question 17

Superego

Answer 17

Develops during early childhood and is responsible for ensuring moral standards are followed’

The superego operated on morality principle and motivates us to behave in a socially responsible and acceptable manner’

Question 18

Eros/Life instinct

Answer 18

helps the individual to survive; it directs life-sustaining activities such as respiration, eating and sex. The energy created by the life instincts is known as the libido.

Question 19

Thanatos/Death Instinct

Answer 19

Is viewed as a set of destructive forces present in all human beings. When this energy is directed outward onto others, it is expressed as aggression and violence

Question 20

Personality development

Answer 20

depends on the interplay of instinct and environment during the first five years of life.

Question 21

Social Disorganization

Answer 21

There are ecological factors that lead to high rated of crime in these communities
Factors (high school dropouts, unemployment, deteriorating infrastructures and single-parent homes.
Only for street crime at neighborhood level

Question 22

Differential Association

Answer 22

A theory developed by Edwin Sutherland proposing that through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior.

Question 23

Social learning theory

Answer 23

espouses the idea that people learn by watching others.
“If someone is observed being successful in achieving the goal desired by an individual, that individual is more likely to model the same behavior in hopes of achieving the same goal”

Question 24

Social Control Theory (Direct)

Answer 24

Punishment is threatened or applied for wrongful behavior, and compliance is rewarded by parents, family and authority figures.

Question 25

Social Control Theory (Internal)

Answer 25

A youth refrains from delinquency through the conscience or superego

Question 26

Social Control Theory (Indirect)

Answer 26

Identification with those who influence behavior, say because his or her delinquent act might cause pain and disappointment to parents and others with whom he or she has close relationships

Question 27

Neutralization Theory

Answer 27

Theory assumes that criminals learn techniques that allow them to rationalize their behavior, deny responsibility for their actions and avoid being guilt-ridden

Question 28

Labeling theory

Answer 28

The theory of how the self-identity and behavior of individuals may be determined or influenced by the terms used to describe or classify them

Question 29

Clearance Rates

Answer 29

The percentage of crimes reported to the police that the police have solved
Solved does not mean that the perpetrator has been arrested, prosecuted, convicted or incarcerated

Question 30

Uniform Crime Report

Answer 30

Established in 1930, approved by Congress, FBI responsible for collecting and publishing the data

Question 31

Part I Offenses

Answer 31

Criminal homicide, Justifiable homicides, manslaughter by negligence, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, Larceny-theft, Moto vehicle theft, arson

Question 32

Part II offenses

Answer 32

Stalking, intimidation, coercion, hazing, forgery, counterfeiting, fraud, embezzlement, stolen property, vandalism and weapons, prostitution and commercialized vice, sex offenses, drug abuse violations, gambling, offenses against the family and children, driving under the influence, liquor laws, drunkenness, disorderly conduct, vagrancy, suspicion, curfew and loitering laws, runaways