Theories Of Crime

Question 1

Inadequate socialisation

Answer 1

It is a functionalists view on the cause of crime that means not all humans are socialised into consensus society with everyone having shared norms and values which causes people to deviate away and have actions and views which are different to the majority of society

Question 2

Anomie

Answer 2

Not a theorist but a a word to describe the functionalist view on the structural cause of crime. It means when society becomes normlessness means which means loss of social norms and values cause people to be dissociated with society as a result causes increase in crime.

Question 3

Durkheim 1

Answer 3

Durkheim believes that crime in society provides positive functions:
.Social Change- some people go outside laws and policies to change something in society which they believe is wrong. This is a positive function as defying something to fix a broken society helps society functions better

Question 4

Durkheim 2

Answer 4

Durkheim believes that crime in society provides positive functions:
Reaffirming boundaries- this means use crime used to clearly instruct society of the boundaries of acceptable behaviour. This is done with the way a crime is punished. Speeding not being as bad as murder

Question 5

Durkheim 3

Answer 5

Durkheim believes that crime in society provides positive functions:
Collective consensus- this means crime creates social integration where members of society is bonded together against certain crimes (terrorism) a mutuel agreement leads to social order and stability

Question 6

Clinard

Answer 6

Functionalist who believes that crime or deviancy acts as a warning function is used to highlight what is wrong with laws and social organisations allowing the opportunist to change so believes it a positive function for society

Question 7

Cohen

Answer 7

Functionalist theorist who believes crime acts as a warning when an institution is not working and is a positive function for society

Question 8

Davis

Answer 8

Functionalist who believes crime is a positive function for society as crime like prostitution acts as a safety valve for the release of men’s sexual frustrations without preventing problems with a nuclear family

Question 9

Polsky

Answer 9

A functionalist who believes crime is a positive function for society as he believes crime like pornography is good thing as stops people from adultery prevents problems happening in the family

Question 10

Merton

Answer 10

A functionalist who created the strain theory where he thinks that all members in society have the same goals and means and that many people suffer from anomie which prevents them from achieving them thus causes them to feel strain and resort to crime

Question 11

Merton 2

Answer 11

5 responses to the strain caused by goals and means which causes crime or no crime
Conformity-where someone pursued socially approved means with the belief they will achieve goals with this response they tend not commit crime (accept means and goals)
Ritualism- where pursuing socially approved means to achieve realistic goals ( reject goals accept means)
Retreatism- when a person reject socially approved goals and

Question 12

Cohen 2

Answer 12

Functionalist who believes in the subcultural theory his view is that working class youth internalise the norms and values that society socialised them with but blocked opportunities in school and work thus working class kids form groups who suffer from status frustration who reject the mainstream norms and values and replace with delinquent crime subculture to unequal social system

Question 13

Cloward and ohlion

Answer 13

The reason for criminal subcultures is the fact that it depends on access to illegitimate opportunity structures access to existing adult criminal networks who will take on younger apprentice criminals. Neibourhoods where working class are socialised and blocked from opportunities and develop criminal skills

Question 14

Hirschi

Answer 14

Theorists who talks about bond theory which is a theory that elaborates on the various bonds that keep people from doing crime which are:
Attachment- how much people care about other peoples opinions
Commitment- what investments has someone made in life and how much committing a crime will cost
Involvement- do we have time for crimes
Belief- how strong your faith in the rules of society

Question 15

Haggerty

Answer 15

A Marxist theorist says that the cause crime is due to a capitalist society being criminogenic (which means crime is a natural outcome of society) this due to capitalism cause self interest and greed in society and crime is a response through socialisation

Question 16

Lash and Larry

Answer 16

Maris it’s theorist who believes that the cause of crime is due to a change in the labour market where globalisation has let deindustrialisation of the economy disorganised capitalism where business move to countries with less regulation more crime to working class

Question 17

Pearce

Answer 17

A Marxist theorist who believes the cause of crime is selective law enforcement where the crime of the upper class white college crimes get away with it whilst crimes of working class murder do get prosecuted used as a way to show false impression to divert intention away from working class explotation

Question 18

Chambliss

Answer 18

A Marxist theorist who believes the cause of crime is law making which is when laws are not used for a val ue consensus but an instrument by ruling class to socialise Their ideologies values and beliefs to the working class

Question 19

Gilroy

Answer 19

A neo Marxists who argues that Marxism is to deterministic this means that they believe that though the ruling class use law enforcement to control working class no one forces the working class to commit crimes they chose it themselves like black crime used as a form of resistance against police racism

Question 20

Henry and milovanovic

Answer 20

A postmodernist theorist who defines crime as not just breaking laws but causing harm to others with use of power
Two forms of harm harm of reduction causing victim to get injury and harm of peroration restricting the victims human development

Question 21

Becker

Answer 21

He is a theorist who believes the cause of crime is labelling. That crime is a socially construction formed by agents of social control (judges and police) who label who they believe are criminals. Thus labelled individuals to accept their label self fulfilling prophecy is fulfilled