Theories of Change

Question 1

CBT

Answer 1

Change occurs through altering (dysfunctional) thought patterns and schemas.

Focus on present and problem focused.

Key Terms:
• Automatic thoughts. Ways we think about ourselves and our world. Become discouraging and compound symptoms
• Schemas - way our brain has organized information about the world. Making sense of themselves and the world.
• Negative triad - Negative thoughts about the Self, world, future.
• Cognitive Distortions = patterns of thinking that lead to problematic functioning.
1) Selective abstractions. = taking a detail out of context as the final judgment.
2) Overgeneralization = One piece of info ( always/never) Dint’ get this job, will never get a job.
3) Arbitrary Inference. Ambitious Info – take it personally - negative spiral.
4) Polarized thinking = Really good. Really good. Black and White.

Real of therapist: Coach/Trainer. Assess the skills of the player and set up situations to train.

Goals of Treatment:
• Symptom reduction
• Skills development around problematic thinking. Stopping and awareness about this patterns. Challenge thoughts

Assessment:
• Life situation?
• When does it happen?
• behaviors they've developed to address
• Thought and feeling 

Interventions:
• thought tracking
• Thought stopping
• active listing
• Activity chart - list what they do and predict enjoyment. compare actual experience.
• Self monitor for feelings and thoughts
• conversation bout underlying theories they have about the world (triad)
• Assumptions about the partner in couples work
• Cognitive rehearsal - practice skills to catch in the future. Couples = triggers for fights. Troubling thinking.

Question 2

Psychodynamic

Answer 2

Change occurs through insight and understanding (Analyze and interpret as interventions) This is what the therapist brings. Expert!

Focus on PAST and PRESENT

Past plays out in the present. Unconscious conflicts related to early development and we develop defenses to avoid conflict, feelings, neurosis.
Early dynamics reemerge in the relationship with the Therapist and play out in the therapeutic alliance.

Key Terms:
• Free Association
• Play Therapy
• Transference
• Countertransference
• Defense Mechanisms

Role of Therapist:
• Expert - helping the client to make meaning with insight
• Blank Slate.
• Safe holding environment

Goals of treatment:
• Insight and understanding. Aha! Lead to resolution to unconscious conflicts.
• Clear understanding and insight to resolve unconscious conflict. Express feelings.

Assessments:
• Patients history as well as current issues
• Interpretations of this on current
• Using our Self. How client responds to us.

Interventions:
• Interpretations - expert
• Identify Self concepts and ideas. Reoccurring thoughts and patterns.
• Discussion of past experience and making the link.
• How past experience impacts current.
• Focus on relationship
• Encourage full range of the expression of affect
• Interpersonal relationships.
• Notice where there may be defenses to the expression

Question 3

Satir Family System

Answer 3

Change occurs through awareness of feeling and authentic congruent, communication (strengthening Parental unit) Family life chronology - unconditional positive regard. Humanistic like Rogers. Growth potential of the individual.

Self Actualization.

Question 4

Gestalt - Humanistic.

Answer 4

Change occurs through here and Now awareness and experience (feelings here in the empty chair exercise) taking. Responsibility self actualization. Choices and responsibilities.

Humanism. Growth potential of the individual.
Self actualization.

Question 5

Bowenian

Answer 5

Change occurs through understating Multi-generational roles and dynamics (* * family map * * )(* * Triangles * * )( * * Family of Origin * *)

Question 6

Structural (family system) Therapy

Answer 6

Change occurs through altering the structure of the family system. To adapt to new life cycle. - dealing with all members of the family. not individual. Hiarchy. Boundaries. Present focus in current behavior. Memesis.

Question 7

Strategic Therapy

Answer 7

Communication systems based. Change occurs through (strategy) Directives that alter communication. Meta communication patterns. Reframing. Paradoxical. Prescribing.

Question 8

Narrative Therapy

Answer 8

Change occurs through Externalizing the problem and deconstructing the cultural story (social/cultural constructionism re: normal/healthy/good etc.)

Question 9

Solution - Focused therapy

Answer 9

Change occurs through accessing inner resources to formulate a solution (brief treatment model) Miracle question is in solution based – scaling.

Question 10

Family System Theory

Answer 10

Circular Causation

Question 11

Adlerian

Answer 11

Psychodynamic

Question 12

Humanistic - rogerian

Answer 12

Rogers. Unconditional positive regard.

Question 13

Object Relations

Answer 13

Change occurs by …….. early relationships with care takers

Question 14

Behavioral

Answer 14

Change occurs by changing the external environment , action and patterns that have been reinforced by environment. in the current moment process.

Key Terms:
• Operant condition (reinforcements) External
• Positive Reinforcement - Reward for behavior.
• Negative Reinforcement - Removal of an adverse stimuli ( by our behavior) IE seat belt alarm until put on.
• Punishment (Reduce behavior) Spanking. Touch stove. Burn.
• Extinction of behavior = goal of therapy.
• Intermittent reinforcement is the hardest type of behavior to change.

Role of Therapist:
• Directive/ Active

Assessment:
• Assessment of the behavior itself and environment factors
• How and when does it happen? What kinds of reinforcement has happened.

Interventions:
• Contingency management
• Token Economy = If/then reinforcement.
• Behavioral chart
• Shaping. Change moves in steps. reinforce small steps
• Exposure therapy