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Professionalism and ethics > theories in ethics (week 2) > Flashcards

theories in ethics (week 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is ethics?

A

philosophical study of morality, the systematic exploration of what is morally right or morally wrong

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1
Q

What is rationality?

A

is related to the notion of thinking and reasoning, and associated with comprehension, intelligence, or inference, also linked to explanation, understanding, or justification

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2
Q

What does the study of ethics enable us to do?

A

enables us to recognize and evaluate the variables that influence our moral decisions, our obligations, our character, our sense of responsibility, our sense of social justice, and the nature of the good life

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3
Q

What is ethical theory?

A

the study of the nature and justification of general ethical principles that can be applied to moral problems, attempting to provide a rigorous and systematic approach to how we make decisions about what is right or wrong

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4
Q

What is the field of biomedical ethics?

A

explores ethical questions and moral issues associated with healthcare

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5
Q

What is nursing ethics?

A

the moral questions within the sphere of nursing practice, the nurse-patient relationship, the moral character of nurses, and the nurse as a moral agent

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6
Q

What is morality?

A

the tradition of beliefs and norms within a culture or society about right or wrong human conduct, guided by explicit codes of conduct and rules governing behaviour

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7
Q

what is a nonnormative approach to ethics?

A

involves analyzing morality without taking a moral position

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8
Q

What is a normative approach to ethics?

A

focuses on the question of what is right or what is wrong

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9
Q

What are ethical dilemmas?

A

they arise when the best course of action is unclear, when strong moral reasons support each position

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10
Q

What is moral distress?

A

results when we are not able to recognize ethical issues or to deal effectively with them. It occurs when we believe that a particular course of action is right but we are not permitted or able to act on or to influence the decision

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11
Q

What are symptoms of moral distress?

A

feelings of guilt, discomfort, and dissatisfaction

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12
Q

What is a value?

A

an ideal that has significant meaning or importance to an individual, a group, or a society

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13
Q

What do values influence?

A

ethical theory, norms, rules, and laws of society

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14
Q

What are 2 examples of values in Canadian laws?

A

Canadian charter of rights and freedoms, canada health act

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15
Q

What do values influence?

A

our own beliefs, our views of others, and our opinions not only related to morality but to other areas, such as literature and art

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16
Q

What values and beliefs represent our society?

A

behaviours, rituals, symbols, structures, rules, and laws

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17
Q

Can individual values effect their response to ethical issues and decisions?

A

yes

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18
Q

Can values within a culture shift over time?

A

yes

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19
Q

What is an example of value shift within a culture?

A

Canadian society has become more focused on the meaning and quality of life rather than on prolonging life at all costs

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20
Q

How and where do values emerge from?

A

through our associations with others such as family, friends, classmates, teachers, colleagues, or life experiences, religious beliefs, and the environment

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21
Q

How do value conflicts happen?

A

they arise in situations in which our actions or others’ are at odds with our beliefs

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22
Q

What is the duty of nurses when conflict arises?

A

they understand and respect the values of others

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23
Q

What is value clarification?

A

is an ongoing process through which individuals come to understand the values they hold and the relative importance of each of these values

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24
Q

What does the process of value clarification contain?

A

reflection, open discussion, active listening, mutual respect

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25
Q

What do relativists consider morality to be?

A

to be more a matter of cultural differences and taste, an arbitrary notion of what one believes or feels, and not based on some deeper set of objectively justifiable principles

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26
Q

What are moral beliefs of individuals influenced by?

A

historical, environmental and familial differences, therefore particular actions, motives and rules that are praised or blamed vary greatly from culture to culture

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27
Q

What do relativists argue?

A

that there are no universal norms

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28
Q

The opposite view of relativists are universalists, what is the difference?

A

Universalists asset that conflicts among moral beliefs across cultures are not basic or fundamental, rather they believe disagreements over critical facts or concepts are usually the underlying source of moral diversity

29
Q

What is an example of universalist view?

A

Canadian society support the principles of preventing harm and promoting health, but not all agree with legislation on maintaining smoke-free environments

30
Q

What are the two normative theories (or theories of what is right or wrong)?

A

teleology (greek word tells meaning end) and deontology (greek work detonator meaning duty)

31
Q

What are deontological theories?

A

make explicit the duties and principles that guide our actions (look at the nature of the act itself)

32
Q

What are teleological theories?

A

focus on the ends or outcomes and consequences of decisions and action (looking ahead to the consequences of action)

33
Q

What is an example of teleological theory?

A

utilitarian theory

34
Q

What is utilitarian theory?

A

the ethical choice is the one with the best consequences, outcomes, or results. this theory believes that an “action or practice is right (compared with any alternative action or practice) if it leads to the greatest possible balance of good consequences or to the least possible balance of bad consequences in the world as a whole”

35
Q

What do utilitarian theories provide?

A

provides with an evaluative standard for assessing and ordering consequences

36
Q

What is mill’s utilitarianism?

A

founded on the principle of utility, which he described as the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people, where actions are right when they promote happiness and wrong when they produce the opposite

37
Q

What does a utilitarian theory depend on?

A

a theory of value or intrinsic good

38
Q

What are criticisms of utilitarianism?

A

that it is impossible and impractical to use this theory in determining what one ought to do in daily life, essentially that this model is useless for purposes of objectively quantifying widely different interest in order to determine where maximal value and therefore the right action lies

39
Q

What do deontologist attempt to identify?

A

the foundation of moral standards to make clear the duties and obligations required of moral agents

40
Q

What do rule demonologists do?

A

they promote that acts are right or wrong relative to their “conformity or nonconformity to one or more principles or rules”

41
Q

Kantian ethics explained the notion of morality is what?

A

the ultimate commandment of reason, or imperative, from which all duties and obligations derive

42
Q

Why did Kant reject the utilitarian notion?

A

he explained that people do not service their dignity or worth from desiring happiness, that morality must be based on the values of rationality and freedom, and could lead to injustices as there is no assurance that the distribution of happiness would be fair

43
Q

What are criticism of Kants theory?

A

to its application in everyday practice, how is duty to be determined when two or more duties are in conflict, what happens if to protect someone from harm we have to lie or with hold the truth, Kant indicated that we must be true to both duties

44
Q

What did philosopher Ross develop?

A

a pluralistic, rule-oriented deontological theory that attempts of resolve the problem of conflict of duties

45
Q

What are prima facie duties identified by Ross?

A

those duties that one must always act on unless they conflict with or are overridden by those of equal or stronger obligation

46
Q

What are 4 principles to mitigating ethical dilemmas?

A

autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence and justice

47
Q

What is the principle of autonomy?

A

a capable and competent individual is free to determine, and to act in accordance with a self-chosen plan

48
Q

What is autonomy founded on?

A

respect for persons , is based on the notion that human beings have worth and moral dignity not possessed by others

49
Q

What other principles can autonomie conflict with?

A

nonmaleficence and bienfaisance

50
Q

What is the principle of nonmaleficence?

A

“above all, do no harm”, this principle obliges members of society to act in such a way as to prevent or remove harm

51
Q

What is the principle of beneficence?

A

sets a higher standard than nonmaleficence in that it requires that one make a positive move to produce some good or benefit for another, asserting an obligation to come to the assistance of those in need and to help others

52
Q

What is an example of beneficence conflicting with autonomy?

A

when a particular intervention is likely to benefit a patient ad yet the patient refuses to provide consent

53
Q

What is fidelity?

A

the quality of faithfulness or loyalty

54
Q

What principle is the foundation of nurse-patient relationship?

A

fidelity

55
Q

What is the principle of justice?

A

based on the notion of fairness and equity

56
Q

What is distributive justice?

A

is the proper distribution of both social benefits and burdens across society

57
Q

What is compensatory justice?

A

involves providing compensation or payment for harm that has been done to an individual or a group

58
Q

What do feminine and feminist perspective on ethics offer?

A

an alternative to traditional ethical theories, placing a strong emphasis on rationality and notions of justice

59
Q

What is the goal of feminist ethics?

A

to create a path or ideology that will end the social and political oppression of women

60
Q

In feminine ethics what has Carol Gilligan suggested?

A

that women and men make ethical choices based on different sets of values, perceptions, and concerns

61
Q

What is the difference of men and women when faced with a moral issue described by Carol Gilligan?

A

women use an empathetic form of reasoning and tend to seek out innovative solutions to ensure that the needs of all parties are met, whereas men tend to seek the dominant rule, even when someone’s interests are sacrificed

62
Q

What was the ethics of caring derived from?

A

feminine ethics, where the emphasis is on caring, rather then on justice or principled approaches

63
Q

What does ethics of caring approach provide?

A

to ethical thinking that values feelings, emotions, empathy and care, all important component of our ethical responses and recognizes the demands of relationships and the uniqueness and context of particular situations

64
Q

What is narrative ethics?

A

encourages the sharing of stories with the goal of gaining a clearer understanding of ethical issues and challenges embedded in them

65
Q

How does the sharing of stories advance the moral engagement of nurses

A

allows to uncover moral concerns and notions of good

66
Q

What are the 4 major ethical principles or rules of behaviour that are fundamental to the moral framework and social structure of Indigenous communities?

A

noninterference, noncompetitiviness, emotional restrain and sharing

67
Q

What is the Indigenous principle of noninterference?

A

the promotion of positive interpersonal relationships and the discouragement of coercion, of any kind, physical, verbal or psychological, based on the respect for each person’s independence and personal freedom

68
Q

What is the Indigenous principle of noncompetitiveness?

A

discourages competition because it is considered to be a source of internal conflict within a group, and advocates for a more cooperative approach

69
Q

What is the Indigenous principle of emotional restraint?

A

control of emotions that could cause conflict and tension within the community and within the family

70
Q

What is the Indigenous principle of sharing?

A

intended to guarantee equality so that no one becomes too rich or too powerful and no one is too poor or too powerless, intent to limit the manifestation of greed, arrogance, envy, and pride within the community

Professionalism and ethics (4 decks)

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