Theories and names Flashcards
Sir Francis Galton
-Quantified mental ability
-Inherited
-Intelligence as sensory capacity (grip test, sense of smell etc)
Alfred Binet
-Mental tests
-Concept of mental age
William Stern
-Intelligence quotient, relative score
-Can be applied to people of different chronological ages
Lewis Terman
-Revised Binet’s test for WWI
-Alpha (verbal) and beta (non verbal) army
-Single IQ score
David Wechsler
-Intelligence is set of verbal and non verbal skills (WIS, WISC, WPPSI)
-Series of subsets, verbal tests, performance tests
Charles Spearman
-General intelligence: whatever special abilities might be required to perform that particular task
-Special intelligence takes part in
Thurstone
Primary abilities
-Intelligence performance governed by specific abilities (7 of them)
-Space, verbal, comprehension, word fluency, number facility, perceptual speed, rote memory, reasoning
Cattell and Horn
-Crystallized intelligence: apply previously learned knowledge to current problems
-Fluid intelligence: deal with novel situations without previous knowledge
Carroll
Three stratum model (general, broad, narrow)
-Model build upward from specific skills to a g factor at apex
Sternberg
Triarchic theory of intelligence
-Metacomponents, performance components, knowledge-acquisition components
-Addresses psychological processes involved in intelligent behavior and diverse forms of intelligence
-Practical, analytical, creative intelligence root from 3 components
Gardner
Theory of multiple intelligences
- linguistic, logical-mathematical, visuospatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic
William James
-Newborns are passive, disorganizes, empty minds
Piaget
-Stage model
-Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete, formal
Vygotsky
-Social context of cognitive development
-Zone of proximal development: difference between what child can do independently vs with assistance (insight of cognitive abilities)
Vurpilot
-Identical houses: methodically scanning photos with better development vs random looking in younger children
Erik Erikson
-8 psychosocial stages (crisis) to be resolved
-Each stage creates new opportunities
Harry Harlow
-Contact comfort in monkeys
Kohlberg
Stage theory
-Preconventional reasoning: rewards vs punishment
-Conventional reasoning: conformity to social groups
-Post conventional: morals and conscience
Carol gilligan
-Criticize Kohlberg being too much about justice because women value caring more
Hauser
Proposed innate intuitive neural mechanism
Kelly
-Situational attribution: high consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus
-Personal attribution: high consistency, low consensus and distinctiveness
Freud
-Psychodynamic theory: unconscious mind
-Psychoanalysis treatment
Alder
Neoanalysts: Social interests, social welfare > personal interests
Maslow
Humanistic - self actualization
