Theories and Concepts

Question 1

Essentialism

Answer 1

every entity has a set of attributes that are necessary to its identity and function

Question 2

Examplar Approach

Answer 2

category consists of a set of examples

Question 3

Prototype Approach

Answer 3

Categorization by comparing objects –> mental abstractions

Question 4

Classical Approach

Answer 4

each concept is defined by a set of necessary and sufficient features

Question 5

Gestalt Approach

Answer 5

seeing the problem as a while and reconstructing it

Question 6

Representational Change Theory

Answer 6

• Won’t get to solution with current approach, so we need to change memory network activation for new approach
• problem solving involves the change of the problem’s mental representation

Question 7

Problem Space Hypothesis

Answer 7

people solve problems by searching in a problem space

Question 8

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 8

• allows us to draw conclusions that are definitely valid provided other statements are assumed to be true
• top down processing
• general –> specific

Question 9

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 9

• involves making a generalised conclusion from premises referring to particular instances
• bottom up processing
• specific –> general

Question 10

Dual System Theory (Kahnemann)

Answer 10

Probability judgements depend on processing within 2 systems

Question 11

Mental Model Approach

Answer 11

• each mental model represents a possibility, capturing what is common to the different ways in which the possibility could occur – it represents a possible state-of-affairs in the world
• mental models affect how you solve syllogisms or find a valid conclusion

Question 12

Expected Utility Theory

Answer 12

try to maximise utility

- decisions are based on maximising the final outcome

Question 13

Prospect Theory

Answer 13

People are more sensitive to losses than gains–> therefore they are willing to take risks to avoid losses
- decisions are based on possible losses and gains

Question 14

Multi-Attribute Utility Theory

Answer 14

different stages of complex decision making under conditions of uncertainty
- explains steps and goals in overcoming a complex decision

Question 15

Dual Processing Model (Greene)

Answer 15

• there are 2 underlying cognitive processes that contribute to moral decision making
• judgement of probability depends on two systems
  (they interact)