Theories and concepts Flashcards
What is positive face?
The desire to be liked and respected.
Positive face is a crucial aspect of interpersonal communication.
What is negative face?
The desire not to be imposed upon.
Negative face pertains to an individual’s autonomy and freedom.
What are face threatening acts?
Actions that threaten a person’s need for respect and acceptance or autonomy.
These acts can lead to conflict in communication.
How is positive face threatened?
When another person disagrees with us or uses criticism.
Disagreement and criticism are key factors in social interactions.
How is negative face threatened?
When others impose on our autonomy or make demands of us.
This can create resistance in communication.
What is convergence in communication?
Moving our speech closer to someone else to show liking or approval.
Convergence can enhance social bonds.
What is divergence in communication?
Moving our speech away from someone else to show dislike or emphasize social distance.
Divergence can highlight differences in social status.
What is overt prestige?
Prestige acquired by speakers commanding a standard dialect that gains social status.
Overt prestige is often associated with elite social groups.
What is covert prestige?
Prestige acquired by speakers desiring to belong to a certain community.
Covert prestige emphasizes group identity over social status.
What is political power according to Wareing?
Power held by government members to make decisions enforced through law.
This includes roles like politicians and law enforcement.
What is personal power according to Wareing?
Power from occupation, position, knowledge, or wealth.
Examples include professionals like doctors and lawyers.
What is social group power according to Wareing?
Influence an individual has among peers and within society.
This includes factors like friendship, class, and ethnicity.
What is instrumental power?
Power used to maintain and enforce authority by authority figures.
Examples include police and teachers.
What is influential power?
Power used to influence and persuade.
This type of power is often seen in advertising and rhetoric.
What does Fairclough suggest about advertising?
Advertising builds a relationship between text producer and receiver to exert influential power.
This relationship is crucial for effective marketing.
What is synthetic personalisation?
Addressing mass audiences as though they were individuals through inclusive language.
This technique enhances engagement in advertising.
What are the three elements Aristotle identified for persuasion?
Ethos, pathos, and logos.
These elements are foundational in rhetoric.
What does ethos refer to?
Convincing an audience of the author’s credibility or character.
Ethos is essential for establishing trust with the audience.
What does pathos mean?
Persuading an audience by appealing to their emotions.
Pathos can invoke feelings like sympathy or anger.
What does logos refer to?
Convincing an audience by use of logic or reason.
Logos is critical for rational argumentation.
Name five things that Robin Lakoff says are part of women’s language.
Lakoff suggested that women:
- Hedges
- Use (super)polite forms
- Use tag questions
- Use empty adjectives
- Use hypercorrect grammar and pronunciation
- Speak using emphasis and use more intensifiers:
- Lack a sense of humour:
What is the tendency of men regarding conversation topics introduced by women?
Men will often reject a topic of conversation introduced by women.
This highlights a potential barrier in communication between genders.
What types of topics do men typically discuss?
Men discuss ‘male’ topics such as:
* business
* sport
* politics
* economics
These topics reflect traditional male interests and societal roles.
Who is more likely to initiate conversation, men or women?
Women are more likely to initiate conversation than men.
However, this does not always lead to successful conversations.
