Theories Flashcards
God help me I hate this
Writing out and planning tasks that need to be done, and then breaking them down into more realistic, bite-size pieces. Makes it less intimidating.
GTD (Getting Things Done) Method
The idea that interrupting a task will make you remember it better. This desire to complete the task will ‘keep’ itself in the person’s memory more than a completed task. Eg. Waiters remember an unfinished tab better than a completed one.
Zeigarnick Effect. Useful for studying in chunks- bit by bit.
What trait would you link the Zeigarnick effect to? Where is this effect most useful?
Conscientiousness - more caring people are more likely to care about unfinished tasks- and so will commit them to memory.
Which type of action management looks at everything at once?
Horizontal
Which type of action management looks at only one thing at a time?
Vertical
When you underestimate the time something takes it is called….
Planning fallacy
I prefer to study at night. This is an example of:
Synchrony Effect. People are inclined to have superior performances at their ‘optimal’ time of day.
“Work expands to fill the time available for its completion” means what?
The more time you dedicate to a task the more complex it will seem. It is inefficient. If we are more realistic about the time we devote to things, then we will stop over-complicating them and work productively. (Parkinsons Law)
What is the name of the theory meaning- the longer time you give to do a task, the more complicated it seems? “The longer it takes to do something the more detailed it should be!”
Parkinsons Law. Think about me with the cheat sheet for FA- I did that all in a night whereas I previously thought it would take 20 hours.
This helps you divide up tasks into Urgent, Important, Non-Urgent, Non-Important. Helps classify tasks.
Time Management Matrix
If I work in a team, I work less hard than I would on my own because I know the rest of the group will pull the weight. This is an example of:
Ringelmann Effect
What personality types work best for teams?
Conscientiousness and Agreeableness
What are the three steps of memory?
Encoding, Storage, Retrieval. You first get exposed to the new info, then you try to get more familiar with it and commit it to memory, then you call upon this knowledge at a later date.
Tracing back my steps to look for a lost item is an example of:
Context-dependent Memory
What is this theory? You are more likely to remember things if you were exposed to the same context during encoding and retrieval. eg. chewing gum whilst learning something or studying in the classroom you’re due to take the exam in.
Context-dependent Memory
PQ4R stands for:
Preview, Question, Read, Reflect, Recite Rewrite
This method is a study method that first gives you a taste of the material, then asks you to ask related questions, then to take a deeper look into the subject, think about what you’ve learnt, teach it to yourself, then re-write it.
PQ4R
This is a study method is APPLYING the knowledge to questions - not just rereading the information.
Retrieval Practice
When you cram for an exam it is called _ and it is only stored in which memory?
Mass Practise, Short Term
When you work in chunks, and digest study material over a long period of time this is called:
Distributed Practise
Why is distributed better than mass practise?
Less effort to retrieve needed information, it just seems like knowledge you’ve had forever that you can call upon with ease. More time for your mind to process it all, and commit it to long term memory.
I remember a list of words using the visual memory of my house in Hawaii. What technique is this using?
Loci Method
What is the name of the effect where you think your judgement is better than everyone else’s? You simply think you are better.
Above-Average effect, where people rate themselves higher than others.
I fail an exam. I blame it on the teacher not writing the correct questions. But if I were to get an A*, I would say i’m a genius. What is this an example of?
Self Serving Bias. You believe successes are down to you, and any failures are down to external things! They couldn’t simply be your fault!
If I place more emphasis on internal explanations than considering the circumstances people are under this is an example of…
Fundamental Attribution Error
Think of a party- you meet someone who is super rude, and you think it’s just them as a person. You then find out they had a whole lot of shit going on at home, and thats why they’re acting up. This lack of consideration for what’s going on in the background is called:
Fundamental Attribution Error
Reading a horoscope and thinking ‘wow’ this applies exactly to me is an example of:
the Barnum effect
Which effect is this? The tendency for people to accept generalised personality descriptions as accurate descriptions of their own personality.
the Barnum effect
“You have a great need for others to like you” “ you doubt yourself sometimes” are examples of:
Barnum Statements. They are vague, true and often have desirable qualities that everyone can relate to.
What are the BIG Five? (OCEAN)
Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism (Emotional Reactions)
prefers variety to routine, likes music, experiences emotions intensely, feels others’ emotions…
High Openness to Change
Likes order, likes to tidy up, works hard, tries to follow the rules, completes tasks successfully…
High Conscientiousness
makes friends easily, loves large parties, radiates joy, warms up quickly to others…
Extraversion
trusts others, is easy to satisfy, dislikes being the center of attention, believes others have good intentions…
Agreeableness
gets angry easily, often feels blue, fears the worst, gets irritated easily, dislikes oneself, is afraid of doing the wrong thing…
Emotional Reactions
What does the Dark Triad Mean?
Traits of a psychopath, that include narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy.
What does Machiavellianism mean?
Cunning, deceitful, manipulative
What does Psychopathy mean?
Lack of empathy for others
Jonason and Webster’s measure applies to what?
A set of quests used to test dark triad personality traits.
The ___ is the extent to which an individual and an environment match.
Person-environment fit
If my personality fits perfectly with an environment it is:
Complementary fit
If my personality fits with some parts of my environment it is:
Supplementary fit
What model tells us what job you should do based on your personality?
Hexagonal model of vocational interests
How many types of interests are there in the Hexagonal model of vocational interests?
6: CRIASE (Conventional, Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social and Enterprising)
The Realistic type have what Characteristics?
Shy, genuine, persistent. eg. assembly line worker
The Investigative type have what Characteristics?
Analytical, curious, independent. eg. scientist
The Social type have what Characteristics?
Social, Friendly and Understanding eg. teacher
The Conventional type have what Characteristics?
Practical, effect. eg. Accountant
The Enterprising type have what Characteristics?
Self Confident, ambitious.eg. Lawyer
The Artistic type have what Characteristics?
Imaginative, Disorderly. eg. Painter
According to Schwarz, how many basic human values are there?
10 basic, 4 high order.
What are the 4 main basic human values?
Self Transcendence (tradition, conformity etc), Conservation (security, power), Self Enhancement (achievement), Openness to Change (Stimulation)
What is the difference between fluid and crystallised intelligence?
Fluid is about seeing complex, abstract things. Crystallised is about learning facts and accumulating knowledge, also shows what you LEARN from your environment.
Fluid and Crystallised intelligence are part of which concept?
Cattel-Horn-Carroll Model of intelligence. CHC,
What are the four components of the Ability Model of Emotional Intelligence?
Ability to understand emotions, use, manage and perceive. PUUM
I convince myself to change my inner values to suit a place. What is this an example of? What theory does this link to?
Deep Acting. Emotional Labour.
I smile through the pain. What is this an example of?
Surface Acting
“I control my destiny” VS “They messed it up for me!” are examples of the theory…
Locus of Control
What is another word for ‘self-fulfilling prophecy’?
Pygmalion effect
I’m a teacher- and I believe that one student is more capable than others, so I invest more time in them and tell them they will be successful. The student then gets the highest test scores as a result of my extra attention. This is an example of…
Pygmalion effect / Self-Fulfilling prophecy
A belief or expectation that an individual holds about a future event that manifests because the individual holds it
Pygmalion effect / Self-Fulfilling prophecy
_____ occurs when a person is worried about behaving in a way that confirms negative stereotypes about members of their group. This added stress can end up impacting how they actually perform in a particular situation.
Stereotype threat
I am a woman. I do a maths test. There is a stereotype that women are awful at maths. As a result, I do badly because I let this get the best of me. This is an example of:
Stereotype threat
When memorising a list, you are more likely to remember the first couple of words, the last, but not the middle. Think of a grocery shopping list- which words do you remember the most?
Primacy Effect
I am at a job interview and my boss also went to EHL. I get the job because of the _
Similar-To-Me Effect
What is it called when my impression of someone is based on how ‘good’ looking they are?
The Halo Effect
The tendency to make global evaluations to make judgements about specific traits explains the ____
Halo Effect. eg. we use ‘attractive’ or ‘likeable’ to explain specific identity traits like well kept, organised, smart.
Judgments may differ significantly depending on the comparison standard they are contrasted to. What effect is this down to?
Contrast Effect
I want to test the temperature of warm water. I put my hand in a bowl of cold water first, and then into the warm water. It feels much hotter. What is this an example of?
Contrast Effect
What is evidence-based management?
When you use the best possible up to date information to manage a group of people. You are led be research and not just your own ethos.
What is the difference between System 1 and System 2 thinking?
System 1 is fast, instinctive and emotional, system 2 is much slower and more logical
This model allows the decision-maker to have a full, if not perfect idea of all information and alternatives. They have the time and resources to weight out all options
Rational Decision Model
I get myself into an activity I don’t like. But I have to keep going with it because I’ve gone this far already. What concept is this?
Sunk Cost Fallacy (Escalation of Commitment)
What is the name of the theory that applies to an escalation of commitment?
Sunk Cost Fallacy
I make a decision based on one fact that I just can’t let go of. This is an example of:
Anchoring Bias
People rely too much on the first piece of information they learn. (ping pong ball video which now much they should spend on a bottle of champagne)
Anchoring Bias
A ‘95% effective’ condom or a ‘5% failure’ condom? Which one would you pick? This is the ____ in play.
Framing Effect
Am I more likely to believe something that aligns with my personal beliefs?
Yes- this is called the Confirmation Bias. You’re more likely to believe things that CONFIRM your original thoughts.
How many steps are there in the rational decision model?
6
How many theories are in the schwartz theory of basic values?
12 Self-Direction, Stimulation, Hedonism, Achievement, Power, Security, Conformity, Tradition, Benevolence and Universalism.
What is the difference between positive and negative punishment?
punishment is when behaviour is DECREASED. you stop doing something or you do it less. Positive think of as ADDING a bad thing like getting yelled at your boss to work harder. as a result, you decrease your bad work. Negative think of as SUBTRACTING something good- like taking away half your pay so that you decrease your bad work.
MClelland’s theory of needs
achievement, affiliation, or power
What is the difference between Mclelland’s theory of needs and maslow’s heirachy of needs
McClelland recognizes that there are differences between people regarding the importance of the needs
This is a mental shortcut that allows people to make quick decisions.
Heuristic
Default heuristic is…..
the default way of thinking
Tendency for one individual during a group discussion to block or inhibit other people from offering ideas
Production Blocking
prone to exert less effort on a task if they are in a group versus when they work alone
Social Loafing, or the Ringlemann effect
tendency of groups to spend time and energy discussing information that most group members already know. like at dinner we all talk about the routine for the next day, this is all info we already know, but we don’t bring up things that maybe only two us know.
Shared Information Bias
The spaceship tragedy was an example of:
Groupthink
This is when in a group, well-intentoined people make irrational decisions just to be part of the group, and conform.
Groupthink
This is when group members value harmony over trying to fight for their own opinion
Groupthink
Groups together make more extreme decisions than individuals
Group Polarization
To diminish a bias you……
Don’t let the leader speak first, have a devil’s advocate, quantity, not quality, have a facilitator and a voice of reason
What is better? Brainstorming vs brainwriting?
Brainwriting- individuals are more likely to actually write what they think
What are the best predictors of emergence of a leader?
Extraversion and Conscientiousness are best predictors of emergence
What are the levels of Big 5 that make for a good leader?
Extraversion Is important
Openness to change: it will give the ability to listen to the different point of views
Emotional reaction: The calmer (lower), the better. It can allow you to bond with the team.
Agreeableness is good because like that you can agree with other people and sympathize with them
Mclelland’s theories are learnt or occur naturally?
They are learnt and are achievement, affiliation, or power
Mclelland’s theory: Achievement. What are the associated characteristics?
like to work alone, big on big goals, likes to get shit done! takes calculated risks to achieve goals
Mclelland’s theory: Affiliation. What are the associated characteristics?
Want to be liked, part of a group, favours collaboration over competition
Mclelland’s theory: Power. What are the associated characteristics?
Likes to win arguments. wants control over others.
What are the two types of Mclelland’s theory: Power
Personal and Institutional
What is the theory that applies to different types of power?
Taxonomy of power: French and Raven
What are the 5 bases of power?
Coercive, Reward, Legitimate, Expert and Referent
POWER: This comes from the belief that a person has the formal right to make demands, and to expect others to be compliant and obedient.
Legitimate Power. eg. Sheriff! lol
POWER: This results from one person’s ability to compensate another for compliance.
Reward Power. eg. ill give you a sweet if you do this
POWER: This is based on a person’s high levels of skill and knowledge.
Expert Power eg. surgeons or rocket scientists
POWER: This is the result of a person’s perceived attractiveness, worthiness and right to others’ respect.
Referent Power. eg. insta influencers
POWER: This comes from the belief that a person can punish others for noncompliance.
Coercive Power. eg. drum teacher from that miles teller film
Which of the powers are hard power and position power?
Coercive, Legitimate, Reward. Hard power= either you have it or you don’t.
Which of the powers are soft power and individual power?
Expert Power, Referent power. Soft Power= more respect when you have it
What do the three main proactive influence tactics achieve?
Commitment, Compliance, Resistance
What do the three main proactive influence tactics achieve?
Commitment, Compliance, Resistance
