Theories

Question 1

Harvey Weinberg equilibrium

Answer 1

used to detect non-random changes in genotype proportions
if the h-w equilibrium is met, there are no selection and random mating with respect to genotype
any departure from h-w proportions of genotypes implies evolution

Question 2

Intrasexual (within sex)

Answer 2

selection caused by competition in individuals of sex for access to reproductive opportunities with the other

Question 3

Intersexual (between sex)

Answer 3

selection resulting from the choice by one sex for particular characteristics in the other sex

Question 4

Altruistic (aid-giving) behaviour

Answer 4

female worker raises queen’s offspring

• potentially fatal to Darwin’s theory of natural selection
• arguments framed as cost-benefit analyses with fitness as currency
• producing offspring not only way of achieving fitness

Question 5

Co-operative breeding

Answer 5

lionesse feed interchangeable

• foxed/jackals feed alpha female’s cubs
• societies have groups of closely related individual’s with overlapping generations
• producing siblings = producing siblings == share 50% of DNA with parents by descent with helper/parent
• inclusive fitness
• altruism between close relatives (neptoism) evolves by kin selection

Question 6

Helpers at nest

Answer 6

White-fronted bee-eater breeding colonies in Kenya offer opportunities for individuals to help different kinds of relatives to raise young
The percentage of individuals giving help increases with the degree of relatedness to the nestlings
This is the result of selective harassment of younger individuals which are prevented from breeding by older close relatives that do breed
Young birds help to raise close relatives (non-descendent kin, e.g. sibs), when they are not allowed to produce their own offspring (descendent kin)
But sibs are equivalent to offspring (r = 0.5) in terms of fitness gain to a donor of nestling care