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Motor Learning and Control > Theories > Flashcards

Theories Flashcards

1
Q

What is motor control?

A

Mechanisms essential to the regulation of movement

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2
Q

Motor control is an area of study dealing with ?

A

understanding several aspects of movement

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3
Q

What are the aspects of movement ?

A

Neural (structure & function at neural level), Physical (body mass at muscular level), & Behavioral (Skill action)

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4
Q

Cortical Reorganization current evidence

A

brain plasticity & reorganization

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5
Q

Implications for plasticity during cortical organization is the development of?

A

motor skills

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6
Q

What is motor learning ?

A

Acquisition of skilled movement as a result of practice

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7
Q

Who was the first to discuss the problem of “degrees of freedom”

A

Nicholas Bernstein

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8
Q

What is the meaning of degrees of freedom?

A

the number of independent elements or components of the system that need to be organized to produce a specific result

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9
Q

what does kinematic redundancy mean?

A

There is no single solution to a given problem of motor control

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10
Q

What does a motor control theory describe?

A

It describes the nervous system produces coordinated movement in order to successfully perform a variety of motor skills in a variety of environmental contexts

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11
Q

Motor control theories is predominately what level of analysis?

A

behavioral level

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12
Q

Motor control theories focuses on explaining ?

A

observed behavior (mostly at nervous and muscular)

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13
Q

motor control theories does not specify what features of the control process?

A

neural level

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14
Q

what are the four theories of motor control?

A

Reflex theory
Hierarchical theory
Motor programming theory
Dynamic systems theory

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15
Q

who founded the reflex theory?

A

Sir Charles Sherrington (late 1800s/ early 1900s)

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16
Q

Who proposed a feedback control system as a way for the CNS to control a limb’s motion. And what theory?

A

Sir Charles Sherrington

Reflex theory

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17
Q

What 3 structures are required for a reflex ?

A

A receptor
A conducting nervous pathway
An effector

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18
Q

what did Sir charles S believe about reflexes and movement ?

A

Reflexes were the building blocks of complex movements

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19
Q

what are combined to produce actions for reflex theory

A

simple reflexes

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20
Q

What is an important component of the reflex?

A

the receptor

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21
Q

What input is vital to movement for reflex theory

A

SENSORY

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22
Q

Who is the behind the hierarchical theory?

A

Hughlings Jackson

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23
Q

What did H Jackson believe in the Hierarchical theory?

A

that the brain has higher, middle and lower areas .

Equated with hight association areas, motor cortex and spinal levels of motor function

24
Q

What was suggested when the reflex and Hierarchical theories were combined?

A

that motor control emerges from REFLEXES that are nested within HIERARCHICALLY organized levels of the nervous system.

25
Q

Reflexes are part of a hierarchy of motor control in which

A

Higher centers normally inhibit these lower reflex centers?

26
Q

During reflex/ Hierarchical the pathology of the brain may result in ?

A

the PERSIStENCE or REAPPEARANCE of these lower level reflexes.

27
Q

In the Reflex theory the use of what is of primary importance?

A

Peripheral feedback

28
Q

What is the primary importance in the motor programming model?

A

Central control.

29
Q

motor programming theory

A

there is a central memory representation that stores information needed to perform an action

30
Q

What are some evidence leading to concept of motor program

A

central pattern generator, deafferentation studies, reaction time studies, feedback processing studies

31
Q

Evidence for motor program theory led ?

A

the notion of the motor program to account for the diminished role of peripheral input and the apparent pre-planning for movement

32
Q

what circuits generate rhythmic locomotor patterns?

A

spinal circuits

33
Q

CPG control what

A

synergistic, rhythmic pattern of gait.

Generators are innate and built into the architecture of the spinal cord

34
Q

Intensity of the stimulus modulates?

A

Speed

35
Q

Control signal- modulated only in intensity - can activate

A

locomotion and cause changes in speed

36
Q

reaction time studies

A

initial reaction time was longer for tasks that were more complex . Processing time for reaction

37
Q

feedback processing studies

A

muscles were still firing after action was prevented. Brain is prepared to move; central processing for preparation to move

38
Q

What are the two problems with concept of motor program ?

A

storage problem and Novelty problem

39
Q

who was Richard SCHMIT ?

A

made a revision of motor program and called it general motor program

40
Q

General motor program is a representation of ?

A

a class of actions

41
Q

The General Motor program stores what in memory?

A

Only some broad features for a particular class of action

42
Q

During General motor program specific parameters are added for what?

A

to execute a particular motion

43
Q

2 types of movement for generalized motor program

A

Invariant features of movement and Parameter of the movement

44
Q

what are invariant features of movement ?

A

broad features.

  • Spatial order of the components
  • Relative force
  • Temporal structure or phasing
45
Q

What is temporal structure or phasing in invariant features of movement ?

A

Movement with the same order of contractions, and the same firing ratios have the same temporal structure and are assumed to be produced by the same motor program

46
Q

What is relative force in invariant features of movement ?

A

The relative force produced by each muscle remain proportional

47
Q

What is an example spatial order of components in invariant features of movement ?

A

signature. chalkboard vs paper

48
Q

What is movement parameters?

A

Overall duration
Overall Force
Specific Muscle Selection
Movement Duration

49
Q

who created distributed model of control? (System theory)

A

N.Bernstien (1967)

50
Q

In the systems theory movements are ….

A

NOT peripherally or centrally driven

51
Q

In the system theory movements emerge as a result of?

A

interactions among many systems

52
Q

In the distributed model of control each part of the the system contributes to what?

A

different aspects of control

53
Q

what is the dynamic system theory ?

A

when a system of individual parts comes together its elements behave collectively in an ordered way

54
Q

During the dynamic system theory, complex system exhibit ?

A

a self-organizing principle

55
Q

During the dynamic system theory, control parameters act

A

to reorganize the system

56
Q

changes in gait speed, Motor programming vs dynamic systems?

A

Motor programming: running and walking different because relative timing is different
Dynamic systems: control parameter, biomechanics properties related to velocity

57
Q

clinically what is the best way to learn an activity ?

A

Practice that activity

Motor Learning and Control (1 decks)

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