Theories Flashcards
What is motor control?
Mechanisms essential to the regulation of movement
Motor control is an area of study dealing with ?
understanding several aspects of movement
What are the aspects of movement ?
Neural (structure & function at neural level), Physical (body mass at muscular level), & Behavioral (Skill action)
Cortical Reorganization current evidence
brain plasticity & reorganization
Implications for plasticity during cortical organization is the development of?
motor skills
What is motor learning ?
Acquisition of skilled movement as a result of practice
Who was the first to discuss the problem of “degrees of freedom”
Nicholas Bernstein
What is the meaning of degrees of freedom?
the number of independent elements or components of the system that need to be organized to produce a specific result
what does kinematic redundancy mean?
There is no single solution to a given problem of motor control
What does a motor control theory describe?
It describes the nervous system produces coordinated movement in order to successfully perform a variety of motor skills in a variety of environmental contexts
Motor control theories is predominately what level of analysis?
behavioral level
Motor control theories focuses on explaining ?
observed behavior (mostly at nervous and muscular)
motor control theories does not specify what features of the control process?
neural level
what are the four theories of motor control?
Reflex theory
Hierarchical theory
Motor programming theory
Dynamic systems theory
who founded the reflex theory?
Sir Charles Sherrington (late 1800s/ early 1900s)
Who proposed a feedback control system as a way for the CNS to control a limb’s motion. And what theory?
Sir Charles Sherrington
Reflex theory
What 3 structures are required for a reflex ?
A receptor
A conducting nervous pathway
An effector
what did Sir charles S believe about reflexes and movement ?
Reflexes were the building blocks of complex movements
what are combined to produce actions for reflex theory
simple reflexes
What is an important component of the reflex?
the receptor
What input is vital to movement for reflex theory
SENSORY
Who is the behind the hierarchical theory?
Hughlings Jackson
What did H Jackson believe in the Hierarchical theory?
that the brain has higher, middle and lower areas .
Equated with hight association areas, motor cortex and spinal levels of motor function
What was suggested when the reflex and Hierarchical theories were combined?
that motor control emerges from REFLEXES that are nested within HIERARCHICALLY organized levels of the nervous system.
Reflexes are part of a hierarchy of motor control in which
Higher centers normally inhibit these lower reflex centers?
During reflex/ Hierarchical the pathology of the brain may result in ?
the PERSIStENCE or REAPPEARANCE of these lower level reflexes.
In the Reflex theory the use of what is of primary importance?
Peripheral feedback
What is the primary importance in the motor programming model?
Central control.
motor programming theory
there is a central memory representation that stores information needed to perform an action
What are some evidence leading to concept of motor program
central pattern generator, deafferentation studies, reaction time studies, feedback processing studies
Evidence for motor program theory led ?
the notion of the motor program to account for the diminished role of peripheral input and the apparent pre-planning for movement
what circuits generate rhythmic locomotor patterns?
spinal circuits
CPG control what
synergistic, rhythmic pattern of gait.
Generators are innate and built into the architecture of the spinal cord
Intensity of the stimulus modulates?
Speed
Control signal- modulated only in intensity - can activate
locomotion and cause changes in speed
reaction time studies
initial reaction time was longer for tasks that were more complex . Processing time for reaction
feedback processing studies
muscles were still firing after action was prevented. Brain is prepared to move; central processing for preparation to move
What are the two problems with concept of motor program ?
storage problem and Novelty problem
who was Richard SCHMIT ?
made a revision of motor program and called it general motor program
General motor program is a representation of ?
a class of actions
The General Motor program stores what in memory?
Only some broad features for a particular class of action
During General motor program specific parameters are added for what?
to execute a particular motion
2 types of movement for generalized motor program
Invariant features of movement and Parameter of the movement
what are invariant features of movement ?
broad features.
- Spatial order of the components
- Relative force
- Temporal structure or phasing
What is temporal structure or phasing in invariant features of movement ?
Movement with the same order of contractions, and the same firing ratios have the same temporal structure and are assumed to be produced by the same motor program
What is relative force in invariant features of movement ?
The relative force produced by each muscle remain proportional
What is an example spatial order of components in invariant features of movement ?
signature. chalkboard vs paper
What is movement parameters?
Overall duration
Overall Force
Specific Muscle Selection
Movement Duration
who created distributed model of control? (System theory)
N.Bernstien (1967)
In the systems theory movements are ….
NOT peripherally or centrally driven
In the system theory movements emerge as a result of?
interactions among many systems
In the distributed model of control each part of the the system contributes to what?
different aspects of control
what is the dynamic system theory ?
when a system of individual parts comes together its elements behave collectively in an ordered way
During the dynamic system theory, complex system exhibit ?
a self-organizing principle
During the dynamic system theory, control parameters act
to reorganize the system
changes in gait speed, Motor programming vs dynamic systems?
Motor programming: running and walking different because relative timing is different
Dynamic systems: control parameter, biomechanics properties related to velocity
clinically what is the best way to learn an activity ?
Practice that activity
