Theories Flashcards
Ethnological theories by Konrad Lorenz ( the geese guy)
Concerned with evolutionary history and adaptive value of certain behaviors.
Critical period; Limited time to acquire certain necessary behaviors.
Sensitive period; Optimal time for certain capacity to develop, both highly dependent upon the environment
Biological theory
Maturational theories by Arnold gessell
Development represents the emergence of a need behaviors. Genetically predetermined. Occurs in an automatic ordered fashion
Evolutionary development psychology
Characteristics develop via Jean environment interactions
Development is constrained by genetic environmental and cultural factors
Lengthy childhood is needed to learn the complexities of human social communities and economies
Psychodynamic perspective
Development is determined primarily by have a child to resolve conflicts at different ages
Psychosexual theory, Sigmund Freud
ID; basic biological needs and desires
Super ego conscious internalization of external rules
Ego; conscious rational redirects ID and acceptable ways
development guy did buying a drivers for sensual pleasure
Psychosexual stage
Oral; birth to one year; pleasure from sucking swallowing biting
Anal; 1 to 3 years; pleasure from bowel movements holding it in your paragraph
Phallic ; 3 to 6 years pleasure from genital stimulation, castration anxiety, penis envy
Latency 6 to 11 years sexual energy subdued
Genital adolescents sexual interest reemerge
Psychosocial theory, Eric Erickson
Focuses on social relationships, development guided by resolution of psycho social conflict in paragraph eight stages
Basic trust versus mistrust
Autonomy be shame and doubt
Learning perspective
Development is determined primarily by a child’s learning experiences
Behaviorism
Focuses on observable events
Children learn by responding to environmental cues
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning
Classical conditioning, John Watson
Unconditioned stimulus leads to response
Condition stimulus paired with unconditioned stimulus
Operant conditioning , Skinner
Discriminative stimulus evokes response which is reinforced
Reinforcer; event that increases or decreases a behavior
Social learning theory, Albert Bandura
Children learn through observing and imitating
Emphasizes modeling as mechanism for development
Unlike behaviorism ,stresses cognition
Contextual perspective
Development is influenced by media and more distant social and cultural environments which typically influence each other
Ecological systems theory (urie bron…)
Systems theory
Development can be explained by a single concept but rather by a complex system
Systems are distinct but related to each other
Ecological systems theory
Buried systems of the environment and the interrelationships among the system to shape a child’s development
both the environment and biologyinfluence a child’s development
Environment affects the child and the child influences the environment
Macro system
Attitudes beliefs and heritage of the culture
EXO system
Extended family
Family friends
Mass media
Parents workplace
Community service
Neighbors
Meso system
Crossover between the microsystem and XO system
Microsystem
Family, school, peers, day care center, church
Mesosystem
Relationship on known the entities involved in the child’s microsystem
Example, parents hate school and so third children hate school your
Example, productive parent teacher conference results and parents and teachers each interacting with the child slightly different
Mesosystem
Often interact with the child’s development indirectly
Chronosystem
The patterning of environmental events and transitions over the course of the individuals life
Example refers to the development of the larger society culture, or for 21 years few children get educations
Ontogenetic
Something that increases adaptation at that time
Differed effect
A learned trait that has benefits down the road
Example-girlfriend when you’re young teaches you how to have a girlfriend when you’re older
Junk dna
Repeated segments
Genome
All genetic material complete instructions for making an organism
How many chromosomes do people have
46 chromosomes, or 23 pairs
Genotype
Particular set of inherited genes
Phenotype
The expression of the genotype
Mitosis
Makes a copy of itself
Meiosis
Unique to sex cells, crossover and independent assortment allows for variability
Allele
Form of Jean
Occurs at same place on chromosome
Homozygous allels from both parents are alike
X linked inheritance
When a harmful allele is carried on next chromosomes
Chromosomal abnormalities
Failure of a chromosome to separate properly or one part of a chromosome breaks off
Concordance rates
Percent of twinss that both show a trait when the trait appears on one twin
Canalization principal
The suppression of phenotypic variation
Jeans limit development a small numbers of outcomes, environment has little effect on the
Canalization example
Babbling, tendency to order consonant vowel combinations
Consistent manifestation across cultures, occurs even in babies were born deaf and I’ve never heard a voice
