Theories Flashcards
oPARENT Conditioning is based on
Reward and punishment
Classical Conditioning is based on
Pairing
Social Learning Theory is based on
Observation and imitation
The Classical Conditioning theory is also known as: (3 pts)
- Respondent (involuntary)
- Pavlovian
- stimulus response conditioning
Classical conditioning focuses on responses
that are automatic, involuntary. Responses that are not deliberate and do not require effort.
According to Classical Conditioning Theory
we learn new responses when things are connected and paired.
Pioneers of Classical Conditioning the theory were
Ivan Pavlov (drooling dog) and John Watson (Little Albert)
Unconditioned Reflex (classical Conditioning)
This reflex in inborn. It involves Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Unconditioned Stimulus evokes …
Unconditioned response (UR)
Conditioned reflex
Results from experience and learning. Generally, the conditioned reflex varies significantly among members of a species.
A Conditioned Reflex consists of:
conditioned stimulus (CS) and a conditioned response (CR). It is depicted as CS -- >CR
How is conditioned reflex learned? (3 pts)
- A Stimulus that naturally evokes no automatic response, a neutral stimulus (NS) is paired with unconditioned stimulus
- Due to repeated pairings the NS comes to elicit a response similar to the unconditioned response (UR)
- Once the Neutral Stimulus can elicit the response by itself the NS is renamed the conditioned stimulus (CS). The response to the conditioned stimulus (CS) is called Conditioned Response. (CR)
Unconditioned response (UR) and conditioned response (CR)
are the same behavior, e.g., salivation. It is the UR occurred naturally without learning while the CR required learning.
Unconditioned stimulus Vs. Conditioned Stimulus
ask yourself: Is the response to the stimulus universal among members of species? For EX: is a black fishnet stocking an US or CS? Since every member of the human species does not respond sexually to such stockings, it is clearly not an unconditioned stimulus but rather a conditioned one.
Methods of Classical Conditioning (DTTSB)
Delay Conditioning (Standard Pairings) Trace Conditioning Temporal Conditioning Simultaneous Conditioning Backward Conditioning
Tace conditioning
the CS and US do not overlap. Instead, the CS begins and ends before the US is presented. The stimulus-free period is called the trace interval. It may also be called the conditioning interval. For example: If you sound a buzzer for 5 seconds and then, a second later, puff air into a person’s eye, the person will blink. After several pairings of the buzzer and puff the person will blink at the sound of the buzzer alone.
Temporal conditioning
is when a US is presented at regular intervals, for instance every 10 minutes. Conditioning is said to have occurred when the CR tends to occur shortly before each US. This suggests that animals have a biological clock that can serve as a CS. This method has also been used to study timing ability in animals.
Simultaneous conditioning
The CS and US are presented and terminated at the same time.
For example: If you ring a bell and blow a puff of air into a person’s eye at the same moment, you have accomplished to coincide the CS and US.
Backward conditioning
occurs when a CS immediately follows a US. Unlike the usual conditioning procedure, in which the CS precedes the US, the conditioned response given to the CS tends to be inhibitory. This presumably happens because the CS serves as a signal that the US has ended, rather than as a signal that the US is about to appear.
For example, a puff of air directed at a person’s eye could be followed by the sound of a buzzer.
true conditioning only occurs when
the CS is presented before the US. Learning does not take place when the CS and US are presented simultaneously, nor when the US precedes the US
Higher order conditioning
A deliberate process in which a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with a neutral stimulus that is typically unrelated until eventually the new neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus and also elicits the conditioned response.
Example of higher order conditioning
EXAMPLE: The tone (CS1) is paired with a flash of light (NS) until the animal begins to salivate to the light.
Second order conditioning (higher order conditioning
The flash of light is now CS2,
Third order conditioning
Third Order Conditioning - occurs when a third neutral stimulus (Red color) is repeatedly paired with the flash of light (CS2) until the color red (CS3) elicits salivation.
In classical conditioning, second-order conditioning or higher-order conditioning is a form of
In classical conditioning, second-order conditioning or higher-order conditioning is a form of learning in which a stimulus is first made meaningful or consequential for an organism through an initial step of learning, and then that stimulus is used as a basis for learning about some new stimulus.
Stimulus Generalization Vs. Higher Order Conditioning
Stimulus Generalization is an automatic process in which the subject demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus
Higher order conditioning is deliberate process in hich conditioning trails cause the subject to demonstrate the conditioned response to new stimuli by pairing them with the conditioned stimulus.
Classical extinction
Results from repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus (CS) without the unconditioned stimulus (US).
EX: Presenting the bell (CS) without the meat powder (US)
When does classical extinction not work.
In contrast repeated presentation of the unconditioned stimulus (US) without the conditioned stimulus (CS) does not result in extinction.
EX: repeated presentation of the noise without the rat
Spontaneous Recovery
During extinction trials, following a rest period, the conditioned response (CR) to the conditioned stimulus (CS) may reappear. The conditioned response may eventually vanish if extinction trials continue.
Ex: Dog being presented with the bell without the meat powder may temporarily salivate if brought back to the lab.
Stimulus discrimination
An animal learns to discriminate between two similar neutral stimulus because one has been paired with unconditioned stimulus.
Ex: 500 hz tone vs. 100 hz tone.
Experimental Neurosis ( Stimulus generalization)
Experimental Neurosis - If the stimulus discrimination has been made to difficult the animal experiences experimental neurosis. The animal will no longer be able to successfully discriminate.
EX: 500 hz tone vs. 450 hz tone.
Pseudo-conditioning
Occurs accidentally. A neutral stimulus that was not deliberately paired with either the unconditioned stimulus (US) or the conditioned stimulus (CS) comes to elicit the conditioned response (CR). this may be caused by inadvertent pairing or heightened arousal
EX: dog may begin to salivate when the lights are turned on in the room, before the tone.
Habituation
The subject becomes accustomed to and less responsive to an unconditioned (US) after repeated exposure. When a subject habituates to an unconditioned stimulus (US), the unconditioned stimulus (US) no longer elicits the unconditioned response (UR).
Habituation is not possible with all unconditioned stimulus (eg. extreme electrical shocks).
Limitations of classical conditioning
only explains how we learn involuntary behaviors and resonces.
Operant conditioning explains
- voluntary behaviors such as waking up, getting dressed
- we learn as a result of reward and punishment.
Other - behavior that has an effect on the environment.
Developers of Operant Conditioning
The two major theorists are Thorndike and Skinner.
