Theories

Question 0

oPARENT Conditioning is based on

Answer 0

Reward and punishment

Question 1

Classical Conditioning is based on

Answer 1

Pairing

Question 2

Social Learning Theory is based on

Answer 2

Observation and imitation

Question 3

The Classical Conditioning theory is also known as: (3 pts)

Answer 3

1. Respondent (involuntary)
2. Pavlovian
3. stimulus response conditioning

Question 4

Classical conditioning focuses on responses

Answer 4

that are automatic, involuntary. Responses that are not deliberate and do not require effort.

Question 5

According to Classical Conditioning Theory

Answer 5

we learn new responses when things are connected and paired.

Question 6

Pioneers of Classical Conditioning the theory were

Answer 6

Ivan Pavlov (drooling dog) and John Watson (Little Albert)

Question 7

Unconditioned Reflex (classical Conditioning)

Answer 7

This reflex in inborn. It involves Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Question 8

Unconditioned Stimulus evokes …

Answer 8

Unconditioned response (UR)

Question 9

Conditioned reflex

Answer 9

Results from experience and learning. Generally, the conditioned reflex varies significantly among members of a species.

Question 10

A Conditioned Reflex consists of:

Answer 10

conditioned stimulus (CS) and a conditioned response (CR).  It is depicted as    
CS -- >CR

Question 11

How is conditioned reflex learned? (3 pts)

Answer 11

1. A Stimulus that naturally evokes no automatic response, a neutral stimulus (NS) is paired with unconditioned stimulus
2. Due to repeated pairings the NS comes to elicit a response similar to the unconditioned response (UR)
3. Once the Neutral Stimulus can elicit the response by itself the NS is renamed the conditioned stimulus (CS). The response to the conditioned stimulus (CS) is called Conditioned Response. (CR)

Question 12

Unconditioned response (UR) and conditioned response (CR)

Answer 12

are the same behavior, e.g., salivation. It is the UR occurred naturally without learning while the CR required learning.

Question 13

Unconditioned stimulus Vs. Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 13

ask yourself: Is the response to the stimulus universal among members of species? For EX: is a black fishnet stocking an US or CS? Since every member of the human species does not respond sexually to such stockings, it is clearly not an unconditioned stimulus but rather a conditioned one.

Question 14

Methods of Classical Conditioning (DTTSB)

Answer 14

Delay Conditioning (Standard Pairings)
Trace Conditioning
Temporal Conditioning
Simultaneous Conditioning
Backward Conditioning

Question 15

Tace conditioning

Answer 15

the CS and US do not overlap. Instead, the CS begins and ends before the US is presented. The stimulus-free period is called the trace interval. It may also be called the conditioning interval. For example: If you sound a buzzer for 5 seconds and then, a second later, puff air into a person’s eye, the person will blink. After several pairings of the buzzer and puff the person will blink at the sound of the buzzer alone.

Question 16

Temporal conditioning

Answer 16

is when a US is presented at regular intervals, for instance every 10 minutes. Conditioning is said to have occurred when the CR tends to occur shortly before each US. This suggests that animals have a biological clock that can serve as a CS. This method has also been used to study timing ability in animals.

Question 17

Simultaneous conditioning

Answer 17

The CS and US are presented and terminated at the same time.

For example: If you ring a bell and blow a puff of air into a person’s eye at the same moment, you have accomplished to coincide the CS and US.

Question 18

Backward conditioning

Answer 18

occurs when a CS immediately follows a US. Unlike the usual conditioning procedure, in which the CS precedes the US, the conditioned response given to the CS tends to be inhibitory. This presumably happens because the CS serves as a signal that the US has ended, rather than as a signal that the US is about to appear.
For example, a puff of air directed at a person’s eye could be followed by the sound of a buzzer.

Question 19

true conditioning only occurs when

Answer 19

the CS is presented before the US. Learning does not take place when the CS and US are presented simultaneously, nor when the US precedes the US

Question 20

Higher order conditioning

Answer 20

A deliberate process in which a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with a neutral stimulus that is typically unrelated until eventually the new neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus and also elicits the conditioned response.

Question 21

Example of higher order conditioning

Answer 21

EXAMPLE: The tone (CS1) is paired with a flash of light (NS) until the animal begins to salivate to the light.

Question 22

Second order conditioning (higher order conditioning

Answer 22

The flash of light is now CS2,

Question 23

Third order conditioning

Answer 23

Third Order Conditioning - occurs when a third neutral stimulus (Red color) is repeatedly paired with the flash of light (CS2) until the color red (CS3) elicits salivation.

Question 24

In classical conditioning, second-order conditioning or higher-order conditioning is a form of

Answer 24

In classical conditioning, second-order conditioning or higher-order conditioning is a form of learning in which a stimulus is first made meaningful or consequential for an organism through an initial step of learning, and then that stimulus is used as a basis for learning about some new stimulus.

Question 25

Stimulus Generalization Vs. Higher Order Conditioning

Answer 25

Stimulus Generalization is an automatic process in which the subject demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus
Higher order conditioning is deliberate process in hich conditioning trails cause the subject to demonstrate the conditioned response to new stimuli by pairing them with the conditioned stimulus.

Question 26

Classical extinction

Answer 26

Results from repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus (CS) without the unconditioned stimulus (US).
EX: Presenting the bell (CS) without the meat powder (US)

Question 27

When does classical extinction not work.

Answer 27

In contrast repeated presentation of the unconditioned stimulus (US) without the conditioned stimulus (CS) does not result in extinction.

EX: repeated presentation of the noise without the rat

Question 28

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 28

During extinction trials, following a rest period, the conditioned response (CR) to the conditioned stimulus (CS) may reappear. The conditioned response may eventually vanish if extinction trials continue.
Ex: Dog being presented with the bell without the meat powder may temporarily salivate if brought back to the lab.

Question 29

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 29

An animal learns to discriminate between two similar neutral stimulus because one has been paired with unconditioned stimulus.
Ex: 500 hz tone vs. 100 hz tone.

Question 30

Experimental Neurosis ( Stimulus generalization)

Answer 30

Experimental Neurosis - If the stimulus discrimination has been made to difficult the animal experiences experimental neurosis. The animal will no longer be able to successfully discriminate.
EX: 500 hz tone vs. 450 hz tone.

Question 31

Pseudo-conditioning

Answer 31

Occurs accidentally. A neutral stimulus that was not deliberately paired with either the unconditioned stimulus (US) or the conditioned stimulus (CS) comes to elicit the conditioned response (CR). this may be caused by inadvertent pairing or heightened arousal
EX: dog may begin to salivate when the lights are turned on in the room, before the tone.

Question 32

Habituation

Answer 32

The subject becomes accustomed to and less responsive to an unconditioned (US) after repeated exposure. When a subject habituates to an unconditioned stimulus (US), the unconditioned stimulus (US) no longer elicits the unconditioned response (UR).
Habituation is not possible with all unconditioned stimulus (eg. extreme electrical shocks).

Question 33

Limitations of classical conditioning

Answer 33

only explains how we learn involuntary behaviors and resonces.

Question 34

Operant conditioning explains

Answer 34

1. voluntary behaviors such as waking up, getting dressed
2. we learn as a result of reward and punishment.
   Other
3. behavior that has an effect on the environment.

Question 35

Developers of Operant Conditioning

Answer 35

The two major theorists are Thorndike and Skinner.