theories Flashcards
It was recognized early in twentieth century by sociologist Clifford Shaw and Henry Mckay.
Social Disorganization Theory
According to____________, disorganized areas cannot exert social control over acting-out youth; these areas can be identified by their relatively high level of change, fear, instability, incivility, poverty and deterioration, and these factors have a direct influence on the area’s delinquency rate.
social disorganization theory
Advocated by Emile Durkheim. Breakdown of social orders as results of loss of standards and values that replaced social cohesion.
Anomie Theory
This theory assume that children are basically good. Only under pressure do they deviate. Pressure for deviance comes from their having internalized society’s goals, such as being successful and wanting to achieve them. But many cannot become successful by conforming to society’s rules. Out of desperation, they turn to crime.
Strain Theory
According to sociologist_____________, although most people share common values and goals, the means for legitimate economic and social success are stratified by socio economic class. Consequently these youths may either use deviant methods to achieve their goals or reject socially accepted goals and substitute deviant ones.
Robert Merton
is the consequence of children expressing their frustration toward middle-class norms and institutions.
Delinquency
__________, explained why urban, lower class boys commit delinquency. He began by identifying characteristics of delinquents. They are malicious, negativistic, non- utilitarian, versatile, loyal, and cannot defer gratification
Albert Cohen
- Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin blamed it on the disparity between what children are taught to want and what is available to them. Children joined delinquent gangs to achieve success, but because their legitimate path is blocked, they turn illegitimate means in the form of delinquency and later on it was called as___________________________.
Differential Opportunity Theory
This theory argues that adult perception of children force youths into socially defined and controlled inferior roles, including the socially constructed “juvenile delinquency” role that separates youthful and adult offenders for treatment and control.
Differential Oppression Theory
Asserts that criminal behavior is learned primarily within interpersonal groups and that youths will become delinquent if definitions they have learned favorable to violating the law exceed definitions favorable to obeying the law within the group.
Differential Association Theory
. This theory was introduced by Edwin Sutherland. Example: The family may serve as a training ground for violence since the child perceive physical punishment as the norm during conflict situations with others.
Differential Association Theory
This theory view that behavior is modeled through observation, either directly through intimate contact with others, or indirectly through media; interactions that are rewarded are copied, where as those that are punished are avoided.
Social Learning Theory
It proposed that juveniles sense a moral obligation to be bound by the law. Such a bind between a person and the law remains in place most of the time, they argue. When it is not in place, delinquents will drift.
Drift Theory (Neutralization Theory)
Crime is caused by societal reactions to behavior, which include exposure to the juvenile justice system. Once children are labelled delinquent, they become delinquent (Tannenbaum, 18938).
Labeling Theory (Social Reaction Theory)
This perspective states that members in society form bonds with other members in society or institution in society such as parents, pro-social friends, and churches, schools, teachers, and sports teams.
Social Control Theory
