Theories

Question 1

Robin Lakof deficit approach

Answer 1

Women are more tentative.
Use:
hedging (eg sort of). Employ polite forms such as imperatives expressed as questions or declaratives. Tag questions. Apologise for opinions. Use more modal verbs. Quote word for word rather than paraphrase. Less likely to use demotic language. May be used due to their uncertainty

Question 2

Deborah Tannen the difference approach

Answer 2

Men and women have different conversational aims
Men seek= status independence advice orders information and conflict. Report talk
Women seek= support intimacy understanding proposals feelings and compromise. Rapport talk. Cooperative

Question 3

Deborah Jones Gossip speech

Answer 3

House talk= exchange info about aspects of conventional female role.
Scandal= sit in judgement of others.
Bitching= more private convo between women it’s resentful often reflects restricted opportunities.
Chatting= intimate share of confidence and mutual support.

Question 4

Deborah Cameron Verbal hygiene

Answer 4

Tendency humans have to ‘clean up language’ and monitor it
Set standards to talk of what is correct and incorrect, sit in judgement on other people’s language, teach grammar in schools.

Question 5

Pamela Fishman interactional shitwork

Answer 5

The work women do to keep a conversation going. Convos break down as men don’t respond or respond inappropriately

Question 6

Jane pilkington tolerance of face threatening

Answer 6

Women talk collaboratively (supportive extensions of topics and politeness even in disagreement)
Men tolerate more silence ( lack of response to points, abrupt topic changes, significant disagreement) men regard politeness and inappropriately feminine

Question 7

Zimmerman and West: men talk more than women

Answer 7

11 convos between men and women = men interrupt 46 times whereas women did twice. From this Men wish to dominate convo.
Same amount of overlaps etc in same sex convos