Theories Flashcards
1
Q
Barthes: semiotics
A
- meaning
- semiotics: there are hidden meanings within media texts
- denotations and connotations
- myths (socially constructed ideologies)
2
Q
Pierce
A
- meaning
- identification of signs
signs can be identified as: Icon, index or symbol
3
Q
Barthes: narrative codes
A
- Narrative
- narrative codes are used in media texts to create menaing
- Narrative codes are: enigma, action, symbolic, cultural, and semiotic
4
Q
Todorov
A
- Narrative
- narratives often follow a similar structure because its what audiences are familiar with
- equilibrium, disruption, recognition, resolution and new equilibrium
5
Q
Strauss
A
- Narrative
- binary opposites: narratives are driven by oppositional forces
- good V. evil
6
Q
Propps
A
- Narrative
- character archetypes
- narratives are driven forward by distinct characters/roles audiences are familiar with
- hero, villain, princess, doner
7
Q
Neale
A
- Genre
- all genres contain repeated conventions and instances of difference to ensure economic success (batman)
- each genre has regime of verisimilitude (appearance of reality) audience must buy into e.g. musicals with choreographed dances
8
Q
Gauntlett: identity
A
- representation
- identity: is fluid not fixed
- media products enable audiences to have three types of identities:
- constructed
- negotiated
- collective
9
Q
Mulvey
A
- representation
- male gaze: media products will objectify women, as the representation is from a male perspective/for male audiences pleasure
10
Q
Response to Mulvey
A
- representation
- female gaze: products, often created by women, can use women as a source of empowerment and authority
11
Q
Butler
A
- representation
- gender is a performance
- audiences are encouraged to ‘perform’ their gender based on stereotypical reps
12
Q
Hall
A
- Audience
- reception theory: producers encode meaning but audiences decode meaning based on their conceptual maps/context
- preferred negotiated and oppositional
13
Q
Blumler and Katz
A
- Audience
- Uses and gratifications
- Escapism, information, social interaction, identity and emotional
14
Q
Gerbner
A
- Audience/effects
- cultivation theory: repeated representations make audience believe the view as real
- mean world syndrome
- desensitisation: audience desensitised to things e.g. action / horror films
15
Q
Bandura
A
- Audience/effects
- social learning theory: audiences replicate behaviours they see in media
16
Q
Lasswell
A
- Audience/effects
- Hypodermic syringe theory
- audiences passively consume and accept encoded messages of media
17
Q
Lazarfeld
A
- Audience/Effects
- two-step flow
- there are encoded meanings in mass media tests that are filtered through opinion leaders
18
Q
Cohen
A
- audience/effects
- moral panic
- mass media sensationalise stories to create panic within society to maintain audiences
19
Q
Dyer
A
- industry
- star theory: Celebrities used in media products for economical purposes
20
Q
Gauntlett: internet
A
- industry
- Web 2.0: internet has advances = audiences are more interactive and contribute to products
- prosumers
21
Q
Curran and Seaton
A
- industry
- media industries are driven by profit and power
21
Q
Curran and Seaton
A
- industry
- media industries are driven by profit and power
22
Q
Baudrillard
A
- meaning
- post-modernism
- blurring of lines of the real and artificial
- hyper-reality: audience finds it difficult / cannot tell the difference between the artificial and the real / prefer the artificial reality
23
Q
Neale/Schatz
A
- genre
- order and integration: narrative and ideologies are important to genre, not just iconography
genres of order:
- violence justified/normalised
- solo hero (often outcast)
genres of integration:
- value groups and community
- negotiation and compromise often resolution
- everyone works together for the resolution
24
Q
Gilroy
A
- representation
- concerned with how media reps race (problematic) since migration of black Atlantic people
- racism causes race
- black people often marginalised in media
- white saviour
25
Q
Van Zoonen
A
- representation
- media portray images of stereotypical women which reinforces hegemonic views
26
Q
bell hooks
A
- Representation
- intersectionality: not wide enough rep of what inequality is to range of communities
- equal rights to white middle class woman is different to black working class woman
- says there’s lack of black women in media
27
Q
Jenkins
A
- Audience
- participatory culture: era of mass communication and interactivity
- fandom
- textual poachers: fans re-create content to create own culture
- states media products must undergo technological convergence (digitalisation)
28
Q
Hesmondhalgh
A
- industry
- cultural industries
- companies should minimize risk and maximize profit
- vertical/horizontal integration
- take advantage of different media platforms and technologies = diversification
- focus on popular genres, themes, ideologies, stars
- control release schedule
29
Q
Shirky
A
- Audience/industry
- end of audience
- audiences now can much more active than was ever possible with traditional media
- technology = prosumers
30
Q
Livingstone and Lunt
A
- Industry
- regulation is tricky but important with technological advancements
- Internet is extremely difficult to regulate
- regulators have challenge of managing how much to protect the public but also give them the rights to content as a consumer
