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MFT Clinical Exam Test Prep > Theories > Flashcards

Theories Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the time orientation, duration, preferred unit of treatment and basic philosophy of Psychoanalytic Therapy.

A

Time Orientation: Past/Present
Duration: Long-term
Unit of Treatment: Individual
Philosophy: Humans are deterministic, motivated by biological drives, balance libidinal energy (id, ego, superego)

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2
Q

Name the key figure(s) in Psychoanalytic Therapy.

A

Sigmund Freud

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3
Q

What is the role of therapist in Psychoanalytic Therapy?

A
  • Serves as a “container”
  • “Blank slate”
  • Encourages transference, cathect to therapist
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4
Q

What are the goals of therapy in Psychoanalytic Therapy?

A
  • Develop personal insight
  • Work through transference
  • Achieve catharsis
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5
Q

List at least 4 common terms and concepts used in Psychoanalytic Therapy.

A
  • Transference
  • Countertransference
  • Parapraxis (“freudian slips”)
  • Resistance
  • Insight
  • Catharsis
  • Cathexis
  • Anxiety/neurosis
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6
Q

List at least 3 Psychoanalytic Therapy interventions.

A
  • Free association
  • Dream analysis
  • Analysis of transference
  • Interpretation
  • Clarification
  • Amplification
  • Linking past to present
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7
Q

What are the psychosexual stages of development in Psychoanalytic Therapy?

A
  • Oral (0-1 years)
  • Anal (1.5 -3 years)
  • Phallic (4-6 years)
  • Latency (6-12 years)
  • Genital (12+ years)
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8
Q

Name at least four ego defense mechanisms used in Psychoanalytic Therapy.

A
  • Denial
  • Repression
  • Reaction Formation
  • Projection
  • Displacement
  • Rationalization
  • Sublimation
  • Regression
  • Introjection
  • Identification
  • Ritual & Undoing
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9
Q

Describe the time orientation, duration, preferred unit of treatment and basic philosophy of Depth Psychology.

A

Time Orientation: Past/Present
Duration: Long-term
Unit of Treatment: Individual
Philosophy: Similar to psychoanalytic, more emphasis on unconsciousness. Focus on symbols and archetypes.

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10
Q

Name the key figure(s) in Depth Psychology.

A

Carl Jung

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11
Q

What is the role of therapist in Depth Psychology?

A
  • Calm, neutral
  • Non-directive
  • “Blank Slate” and container for feelings
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12
Q

What are the goals of therapy in Depth Psychology?

A
  • Aware of personal/collective unconscious
  • Facilitate acceptance of “shadow self”
  • Integration of anima and animus
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13
Q

List common terms and concepts used in Depth Psychology.

A
  • Personal unconscious
  • Collective unconscious
  • Archetypes
  • Anima
  • Animus
  • Shadow
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14
Q

Describe Depth Psychology interventions.

A
  • Dream analysis

- Focus on symbols and archetypes

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15
Q

Describe the time orientation, duration, preferred unit of treatment and basic philosophy of Object Relations.

A

Time Orientation: Past and it’s influence on the present
Duration: Long-term (typically years)
Unit of Treatment: Nuclear family
Philosophy: Children internalize intrapsychic structures from relationships with primary caregivers.

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16
Q

What is the role of therapist in Object Relations?

A
  • Neutral, “blank slate”
  • Active, directive, challenging
  • Interprets unconscious material, transference
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17
Q

What are the goals of therapy in Object Relations?

A
  • Uncover dysfunctional relational patterns
  • Provide corrective experiences
  • Family members achieve individuation
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18
Q

List at least 4 common terms and concepts used in Object Relations.

A
  • Holding environment
  • Derivatives
  • Individuation
  • Introjection
  • Linking
  • Projective Identification
  • Projection
  • Recapitulation
  • Splitting
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19
Q

What are goals for the early stages of treatment in Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic theories?

A
  • Provide a safe holding environment
  • Establish boundaries
  • Symptom identification/reduction
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20
Q

What are goals for the middle stages of treatment in Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic theories?

A
  • Promote insight
  • Discover resistance
  • Work through transference
  • Promote reintegration of ego
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21
Q

What are goals for the late stages of treatment in Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic theories?

A
  • Resolve idealized transference

- Work through termination issues

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22
Q

Describe the time orientation, duration, preferred unit of treatment and basic philosophy of Adlerian Therapy.

A

Time Orientation: Present
Duration: Short and Long Term
Unit of Treatment: Individual
Philosophy: Driven by social, not sexual, interest. Focus on personal perceptions, values, beliefs. Use choice to overcome inferiority anxiety and self-realize.

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23
Q

Name the key figure(s) in Adlerian Therapy.

A

Alfred Adler

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24
Q

What is the role of therapist in Adlerian Therapy?

A
  • Cooperative and contractual agreement
  • Facilitates client’s decision-making
  • Positive reinforcement and encouragement
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25
Q

What are the goals of therapy in Adlerian Therapy?

A
  • Understand lifestyle choices/goals
  • Overcome inferiority
  • Develop insight/personal awareness
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26
Q

List common terms and concepts used in Adlerian Therapy.

A
  • Behavior is goal-oriented
  • Behavior is based on personal experiences
  • Inferiority
  • Style of Life
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27
Q

List at least 3 Adlerian Therapy interventions.

A
  • Notice subjective experiences
  • Family constellation
  • Explore early recollections
  • Understand lifestyle goals
  • Acting “as if”
  • Spitting in the client’s soup
  • Avoid tar baby
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28
Q

What are Erickson’s Stages of Human Development?

A
  • Trust v. Mistrust (0-1 years)
  • Autonomy v. Shame (1-3 years)
  • Initiative v. Guilt (3-5 years)
  • Industry v. Inferiority (6-12 years)
  • Identity v. Role Confusion (teen years)
  • Intimacy v. Isolation (20-35 years)
  • Generativity v. Stagnation (36-65 years)
  • Integrity v. Despair (65+ years)
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29
Q

Describe the time orientation, duration, preferred unit of treatment and basic philosophy of Existential Therapy.

A

Time Orientation: Present moment
Duration: Determined by client
Unit of Treatment: All
Philosophy: Clients are in an ongoing process of discovering/interpreting their experience. Unhappiness arises from difficulties confronting existential realities (freedom, death, isolation, meaninglessness).

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30
Q

Name the key figure(s) in Existential Therapy.

A
  • Viktor Frankl

- Rollo May

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31
Q

What is the role of therapist in Existential Therapy?

A
  • Non-directive
  • Authentic; separate but free
  • Use of self to model
  • Can self-disclose
  • Client is the expert
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32
Q

What are the goals of therapy in Existential Therapy?

A
  • Awareness of subjective experiences
  • Develop personal meaning
  • Accept anxiety as basic human characteristic
  • Increase choice potential
  • Accept personal responsibility & choice
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33
Q

List common terms & concepts used in Existential Therapy.

A
  • Bad faith
  • Intentionality
  • Fusion-delusion
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34
Q

List at least 3 Existential Therapy interventions.

A
  • Self-disclosure
  • Challenging
  • Clarifying
  • Guiding
  • Curiosity on client phenomenology
  • Promote awareness of metacommunication
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35
Q

Describe the time orientation, duration, preferred unit of treatment and basic philosophy of Humanistic (PC) Therapy.

A

Time Orientation: Present moment
Duration: Determined by client
Unit of Treatment: All
Philosophy: Clients are responsible and self-directed. Emphasis is on therapeutic relationship; environment with empathy and regard will allow client to self-actualize.

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36
Q

Name the key figure(s) in Humanistic (PC) Therapy.

A

Carl Rogers

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37
Q

What is the role of therapist in Humanistic (PC) Therapy?

A
  • Non-directive
  • Genuine, authentic
  • Empathic
  • Non-judgmental
  • Curious about client’s phenomenology
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38
Q

What are the goals of therapy in Humanistic (PC) Therapy?

A
  • Self-actualization

- Personal goal development and achievement

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39
Q

List common terms & concepts used in Humanistic (PC) Therapy.

A
  • Congruence
  • Accurate empathy
  • Self-actualization
  • Authenticity
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40
Q

List at least 3 Humanistic (PC) Therapy interventions.

A
  • Active listening
  • Unconditional positive regard
  • Accurate empathy
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41
Q

Describe the time orientation, duration, preferred unit of treatment and basic philosophy of Gestalt Therapy.

A

Time Orientation: Present moment
Duration: Determined by client
Unit of Treatment: All
Philosophy: Clients find a way in life through self-acceptance and personal responsibility. Clients are driven toward growth and must complete unfinished business.

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42
Q

Name the key figure(s) in Gestalt Therapy.

A

Fredrick (Fritz) Perls

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43
Q

What is the role of therapist in Gestalt Therapy?

A
  • Directive
  • Active
  • Authentic, self-disclosing
  • Diologic (staying in contact with client)
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44
Q

List common terms & concepts used in Gestalt Therapy.

A
  • Dichotomy/split
  • Contact
  • Congruence
  • Impasse
  • Paradoxical theory of change
  • Figure/ground
  • I/Thou
45
Q

List at least 3 Gestalt Therapy interventions.

A
  • Experiments
  • Resolve unfinished business
  • Empty chair
  • Inclusion
  • Role playing
  • Psychodrama
  • Contact boundary experiments
46
Q

Describe goals at the early, middle and late stages of therapy in Gestalt Therapy.

A

EARLY: Establish empathic & authentic relationship
MIDDLE: Integrate personality, promote awareness, promote self-acceptance
LATE: Worth through termination issues

47
Q

Name the key figure(s) in Behavioral Therapy.

A
  • Ivan Pavlov

- B.F. Skinner

48
Q

What are common techniques used in Classical Conditioning (Behaviorism)?

A
  • Relaxation training
  • Counter-conditioning
  • Systematic desensitization
  • Aversive conditioning
49
Q

What are common techniques used in Operant Conditioning (Behaviorism)?

A
  • Reinforcement
  • Shaping
  • Extinction
  • Punishment (time out or response cost)
  • Token economy
50
Q

Describe the time orientation, preferred duration, unit of treatment and basic philosophy of Reality Therapy.

A

Time Orientation: Present
Duration: Short-term
Unit of Treatment: All
Philosophy: Action-oriented therapy addressing behavioral problems by rejecting irresponsible behavior and facing reality.

51
Q

Name the key figure(s) in Reality Therapy.

A

William Glasser

52
Q

What is the role of therapist in Reality Therapy?

A

Therapist is a role model/teacher who assists clients with finding better ways of managing behavior.

53
Q

What are the goals of therapy in Reality Therapy?

A
  • Accept personal responsibility
  • Get involved with others
  • Increase self-worth
  • Learn new coping mechanisms to meet needs
54
Q

List common terms & concepts used in Reality Therapy.

A
  • 2 essential needs (to love and be loved)

- Facing reality

55
Q

List at least 3 Reality Therapy interventions.

A
  • Get involved with the client
  • Make plans for change and carry them out
  • Use of contracts, commitments in therapy
  • Do not accept excuses
  • Do not give up on the client, even if they appear to give up on themselves
56
Q

What is the ABCDE model of treatment?

A 
A = Activating Event
B = Belief arises from the event
C = Consequences (emotional reactions) to event
D = Dispute or challenge belief
E = Effect of dispute is examined
57
Q

What is REBT?

A

Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy

58
Q

Describe the time orientation, duration, preferred unit of treatment and basic philosophy of CBT.

A

Time Orientation: Present and Future
Duration: Typically brief (12-16 sessions)
Unit of Treatment: All
Philosophy: The way we think impacts our feelings and behaviors. The client learns the relationship with thinking and feeling in order to change behaviors.

59
Q

Name the key figure(s) in CBT.

A
  • Albert Ellis

- Aaron Beck

60
Q

What is the role of therapist in CBT?

A
  • Directive, active
  • Didactic, trainer, educator
  • Collaborator
  • Relationship is important, but not the focus
61
Q

What are the early, middle and late stage goals of therapy in CBT?

A
  • EARLY STAGE: Establish goals, collaborative relationship, teach CBT model
  • MIDDLE STAGE: Cognitive restructuring, learn more balanced/realistic appraisals of self/others, increase desired cognitions/behaviors, improve problem-solving skills
  • LATE STATE: Reinforce therapeutic gains, plan to retain therapeutic gains when therapy terminates
62
Q

List common terms and concepts used in CBT.

A
  • Schema
  • Cognitive distortion
  • Automatic thoughts
  • Underlying assumptions
  • Maladaptive thoughts
63
Q

List at least 3 CBT interventions.

A
  • Thought tracking
  • Self-monitoring
  • Automatic thought record
  • Socratic method
  • Thought stopping
  • Cognitive restructuring
  • Diversion techniques
  • Role playing
  • Assignments, homework
  • Contracts
64
Q

List at least 4 cognitive distortions

A
  • Selective abstraction
  • Arbitrary inference (jump to conclusions)
  • Over-generalization
  • Catastrophizing
  • Polarized thinking
  • Disqualifying the positive
  • Labeling
  • Emotional reasoning
  • Personalization
65
Q

What are the processes children use to adapt to schemas in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

A
  • Assimilation
  • Accomodation
  • Equilibrium
  • Adaptation
66
Q

Describe Piaget’s stages of development.

A
  • Sensorimotor (0-1.5 years): gain object permanence
  • Preoperational (1.5 - 7 years): perceptual constancy
  • Concrete Operations (7-11 years): logic
  • Formal Operations (12+ years): abstract thought
67
Q

Describe Kohlberg’s stages of moral development.

A
  • Preconventional/Premoral (4- 10 years)
  • Conventional (10 - 12 years)
  • Post-Conventional (12+ years)
68
Q

Explain the overall philosophy of Family Systems therapies.

A

Families are a living system of interrelated individuals that attempt to achieve homeostasis.

69
Q

List common terms and concepts used in Family Systems.

A
  • Homeostasis
  • Identified Patient (IP)
  • First order change
  • Second order change
  • Double bind
  • Circular causality
  • Negative/Positive Feedback
  • Marital schism/skew
  • Pseudomutuality
  • Centrifugal (independent, distant families)
  • Centripetal (clinging families)
70
Q

What values/assumptions are shared amongst all family system therapies?

A
  • Triangles
  • Boundaries
  • Hierarchy
  • Subsystems
  • Rules and roles
71
Q

List the stages of the Family Life Cycle

A
  • Between families (individual leaves the home)
  • Marriage (joining families)
  • Family w/young children
  • Family w/adolescents
  • Launching
  • Family later in life
72
Q

Describe the time orientation, duration, preferred unit of treatment and basic philosophy of Strategic Family Therapy.

A

Time Orientation: Present
Duration: Short-term
Unit of Treatment: Whole family
Philosophy: Families seek to maintain homeostasis and resist change. Focus on changing family communication through therapist directives.

73
Q

Name the key figure(s) in Strategic Family Therapy.

A

Milton Erickson

74
Q

What is the role of therapist in Strategic Family Therapy?

A
  • Flexible and active
  • Directive, sets goals
  • Focuses on family communication
  • Little focus on individual internal experience (thoughts, feelings)
75
Q

What are the early, middle and late stage goals of therapy in Strategic Family Therapy?

A
  • EARLY: Observe family dynamics, plan strategy to address presenting problem, move into problem stage
  • MIDDLE: Produce second order change, directives, alter patterns of communication
  • LATE: Confirm family hierarchy is in place, presenting problem has been resolved
76
Q

List common terms and concepts used in Strategic Family Therapy.

A
  • Complementary relationships
  • Symmetrical relationships
  • Punctuation
  • Directives
77
Q

List at least 3 Strategic Family Therapy interventions.

A
  • Prescribing the symptom
  • Pretend techniques
  • Positioning strategy
  • Restrain (telling family not to change)
  • Ordeals
  • Positive Connotations
  • Structured family interview
  • Circular questioning
78
Q

What are the 2 levels of communication in families?

A 
Content = words that are spoken
Metacommunciation = behaviors that qualify, comment or contradicts spoken words (i.e. tone of voice, physical gestures, eye contact)
79
Q

Describe the time orientation, duration, preferred unit of treatment and basic philosophy of Experiential Family Therapy.

A

Time Orientation: Present, here and now
Duration: Short-term
Unit of Treatment: Whole family (preferred)
Philosophy: Sensitize people to their feelings and experiences with others. Therapy is an intense, focused, in-the-present moment experience.

80
Q

Name the key figure(s) in Experiential Family Therapy.

A
  • Virginia Satir

- Carl Whitaker.

81
Q

What is the role of therapist in Experiential Family Therapy?

A
  • Available for warm, spontaneous contact
  • Models authentic communication
  • Creates safety
  • Directive, active
  • Provides new experiences
  • Facilitator of change
82
Q

What are the early, middle and late stage goals of therapy in Experiential Family Therapy?

A
  • EARLY: Make contact, shift focus off IP, history taking, explore presenting problem from each member’s perspective
  • MIDDLE: Facilitate growth, intimacy and self-esteem, create level communication, facilitate expression of wants/needs
  • LATE: Anchor self-worth, maturation and therapeutic gains, facilitate communication
83
Q

List common terms and concepts used in Experiential Family Therapy.

A
  • Growth
  • Self-Esteem
  • Seed model
84
Q

List at least 3 Experiential Family Therapy interventions.

A
  • Family life chronology
  • Family structure
  • Contact
  • Talking to parts of self
  • Confrontation
85
Q

What are communication stances according to Experiential Family Therapy?

A
  • Placater
  • Blamer
  • Super reasonable (the computer)
  • Distracter
  • Leveler (congruent communicator)
86
Q

Describe the time orientation, duration, preferred unit of treatment and basic philosophy of Structural Family Therapy.

A

Time Orientation: Present, here-and-now
Duration: Short-term
Unit of Treatment: Whole family (preferred)
Philosophy: Individual symptoms are understood through family interactional patterns. Change in organization leads to change in behaviors/symptoms.

87
Q

Name the key figure(s) in Structural Family Therapy.

A

Salvador Minuchin

88
Q

What is the role of therapist in Structural Family Therapy?

A
  • Active
  • Stage director
  • Educator
  • Joins with family
  • Affective intensity
89
Q

What are the early, middle and late stage goals of therapy in Structural Family Therapy?

A
  • EARLY: Join with family, define problem, set goals
  • MIDDLE: restructuring (boundaries, alignments, hierarchies), improve communication, unbalancing
  • LATE: Presenting problem is resolved, system is restructured, family has skills to resolve conflicts
90
Q

List common terms and concepts used in Structural Family Therapy.

A
  • Boundaries (rigid, diffuse, flexible)
  • Hierarchies and sub-systems
  • Alignments (alliance, coalition)
  • Enmeshment
  • Disengagement
91
Q

List at least 3 Structural Family Therapy interventions.

A
  • Accomodation
  • Mimesis (using family communication)
  • Enactment
  • Tracking
  • Family mapping
  • Unbalancing
  • Family re-structuring
92
Q

Describe the time orientation, duration, preferred unit of treatment and basic philosophy of Bowenian Family Therapy.

A

Time Orientation: Past and it’s influence on present
Duration: Long-term
Unit of Treatment: Whole family (focus on parent dyad)
Philosophy: Focuses on the balance of togetherness and individuality. Too much togetherness creates fusion and prevents individuality. Too much individuality results in a distant and estranged family.

93
Q

Name the key figure(s) in Bowenian Family Therapy.

A

Murray Bowen

94
Q

What is the role of therapist in Bowenian Family Therapy?

A
  • Coach
  • Non-anxious presence
  • Researcher
  • Educator
  • Neutral, non-reactive
  • Healthy point of triangle to reduce reactivity
95
Q

What are the early, middle and late stage goals of therapy in Bowenian Family Therapy?

A
  • EARLY: Model differentiation, remove IP label, become healthy point of triangle, define problem, set goals, reduce reactivity
  • MIDDLE: Block triangles, interrupt family projection and multi-generational transmission, move to differentiation, help members become solid selves
  • LATE: Reinforce balance of individuality & togetherness
96
Q

List common terms and concepts used in Bowenian Family Therapy.

A
  • Differentiation
  • Fusion
  • Emotional cutoff
  • Pseudo- and solid self
  • Emotional reactivity
  • Family projection process
  • Triangle
  • Nuclear family emotional system
  • Multigenerational transmission
  • Undifferentiated family ego mass
  • Sibling position
  • Genogram
97
Q

Describe the time orientation, duration, preferred unit of treatment and basic philosophy of Solution Focused Therapy.

A

Time Orientation: Future
Duration: Short-term, brief
Unit of Treatment: All
Philosophy: Focus on times when problems aren’t working to help client find solutions that work for them.

98
Q

Name the key figure(s) in Solution Focused Therapy.

A

Insoo Kim

99
Q

What is the role of therapist in Solution Focused Therapy?

A
  • Collaborator
  • Cheerleads changes and exceptions
  • Elicitor of client strengths and resources
100
Q

What are the early, middle and late stage goals of therapy in Solution Focused Therapy?

A

EARLY: Determine achievable goals, is customer customer/complainant/visitor, generate solutions
MIDDLE: Look for exceptions, elicit client strengths, notice/highlight small changes
LATE: Problem is resolved, no specific termination process

101
Q

List common terms and concepts used in Solution Focused Therapy.

A
  • The solution is not necessarily related to the problem
  • Snowball effect (small changes lead to bid changes)
  • Not-knowing stance
102
Q

List at least 3 Solution Focused Therapy interventions.

A
  • Solution talk
  • Goal-setting questions
  • Exception questions
  • Scaling questions
  • Coping question
  • The “miracle” question
103
Q

Describe the time orientation, duration, preferred unit of treatment and basic philosophy of Narrative Therapy.

A

Time Orientation: Present and future
Duration: Determined by client
Unit of Treatment: All
Philosophy: Problems exist within a social context that translate into problem-saturated personal narratives. Therapists collaborate with clients to reauthor stories into preferred narratives that allow for personal growth.

104
Q

Name the key figure(s) in Narrative Therapy.

A

Michael White.

105
Q

What is the role of therapist in Narrative Therapy?

A
  • Collaborator
  • Elicits client strengths and resources
  • Directive, but not impositional or coercive
  • Facilitates deconstruction and re-authoring of narratives
106
Q

What are the early, middle and late stage goals of therapy in Narrative Therapy?

A

EARLY: Map the problem’s influence and client strengths, look for exceptions, begin developing preferred narratives
MIDDLE: Deconstruct problem-saturated stories, re-authoring, reinforce preferred narratives
LATE: Reinforce new narratives, recruit problem fighters, process termination

107
Q

List common terms and concepts used in Narrative Therapy.

A
  • Not-knowing stance
  • Local knowledge/expert knowledge
  • Sparkling moments
  • Community of concern
  • Problem fighters
108
Q

List at least 3 Narrative Therapy interventions.

A
  • Deconstruction
  • Finding unique outcomes
  • Invitation
  • Letter writing
  • Exception questions
  • Externalization
  • Separate client from the problem

MFT Clinical Exam Test Prep (7 decks)

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