Theoretical Perspectives Flashcards

Question

What is the **Information-Processing Theory**?

Answer 1

A theory emphasizing that **individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it**. The processes of memory and thinking are central. Is a continuous process involving small *quantitative*, rather than large *qualitative* changes. (Gordon & others, 2020).

Answer 2

A view of cognitive development that emphasizes the **social contexts of learning** and the principle that knowledge is **mutually built** and **constructed** with tools provided by their society.

Answer 3

Vygotsky’s term for the zone between mastered tasks and tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone but can be mastered with assistance.

Answer 4

Better emotion regulation, secure attachment, absence of maternal depression, and child compliance.

Answer 5

Adjusting the level of **support** or guidance to fit the child’s current performance (Daniels, 2017).

Answer 6

A method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behaviour. **Operating** = An action

Answer 7

**Social cognitive theory** = The theory that behaviour, environment, and person/cognitive factors are important in understanding development.

Answer 8

Recognising that no one theory can explain human development but that different theories can all contribute to our understanding.

Answer 9

**Psychoanalytic** = Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson **Cognitive** = Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky **Behavioural** and social cognitive = Albert Bandura **Ethological** = Konrad Lorenz, John Bowlby **Ecological** = Urie Bronfenbrenner

Answer 10

An approach stressing that **behavior** is strongly influenced by **biology**, tied to **evolution**, and characterized by critical or sensitive periods.

Answer 11

European zoologist who helped bring **ethology** to prominence

Answer 12

Ethology. The behaviour of greylag geese. Lorenz called this process **imprinting**—the rapid, innate learning that involves attachment to the first moving object seen.

Answer 13

Bowlby stressed that **attachment to a caregiver over the first year of life** has important consequences throughout the life span. Positive and secure vs negative and insecure

Answer 14

Bronfenbrenner’s **Ecological** **Theory of Development**

Answer 15

1. Microsystem 2. Mesosystem 3. Exosystem 4. Macrosystem 5. Chronosystem

Answer 16

A pattern of activities, roles, and interpersonal relations experienced by the developing person in the **context in which the individual exsists**. e.g. family, peers, school, and neighbourhood. *Key: Microhomes*

Answer 17

The relations between 2 or more **microsystems** or connections between **contexts**. e. g. family experiences to school experiences, school experiences to church experiences, and family experiences to peer experiences * key: Jefferey Mesos connects his wife to his work*

Answer 18

The links between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role or immediate context. e. g. husband influenced by wife's experience at work * key: exiled, extra*

Answer 19

The culture in which individuals live. *key: counting macros = diet culture*

Answer 20

The patterning of **environmental events, transitions,** and **sociohistorical circumstances.** e. g. divorce is a transition, opportunities for women in the workforce has increased since the 60s * key: chronological order of ‘events’*

Answer 21

Contextualism is a philosophical worldview that holds that **behaviour has meaning** and can only be explained in terms of its **sociohistorical context** (Miller, 2011)

Answer 22

(a) personal **attributes** and **qualities** of the person (e.g. sociability or physical attractiveness) that elicit **responses** from the environment that either foster or hinder development, and (b) the repertoire of **belief systems** held by those such as parents, teachers, church and community leaders in a particular culture to prescribe the ways in which the next generation should be raised.

Answer 23

Ecology is **the study of the relationships between living organisms,** including humans, and their physical environment

Answer 24

The birth of a younger sibling, starting school, leaving home, starting or leaving a job, getting married or divorced, having a child, or retiring from the workforce.

Answer 25

**The interaction between children and their caregivers (**parents, teachers, counselors, grandparents, nanny or objects). e.g. Feeding or comforting a baby; playing with a young child; child-child activities; group or solitary play; reading; learning new skills; athletic activities; problem-solving; caring for others; making plans; performing complex tasks; and acquiring new knowledge and know-how (Bronfenbrenner, 2005c, p. 6)

Answer 26

Something that consists of two elements or parts. e.g. parent-child at home, teacher-student at school

Answer 27

autonomy versus shame and doubt

Answer 28

Nature and nurture

Answer 29

## Footnote Emphasized the lifespan nature of development.

Answer 30

At one time

Answer 31

**Etho**logical = Biological **Eco**logical = Environmental *Key: Ethos = people, eco = environment*

Answer 32

A balanced state of being

Answer 33

Taking a new piece of information and dropping it into a *schema* we already have

Answer 34

Creating a new *schema* to fit a new piece of information

Answer 35

Frustration, disarray over not understanding an attempted *assimilation*

Answer 36

According to Piaget, how a child **thinks**—not how much the child **knows**—determines the child’s stage of cognitive development.

Answer 37

Behavioural cognitive theory

Answer 38

Adaptation; assimilation; accommodation

Answer 39

sociocultural cognitive theory

Answer 40

Theories holding that development can be described in terms of the **behaviours learned through interactions with the environment**

Answer 41

A pattern of thought or behaviour that organizes **categories of information** and the relationships among them.

Answer 42

a process by which humans and animals learn to behave in such a way as to obtain rewards and avoid punishments.

Answer 43

The theory that behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors are important in understanding development.

Answer 44

**The process of learning by watching the behaviors of others**. The targeted behavior is watched, memorized, and then mimicked. (Also known as **shaping** and **modeling)**

Answer 45

—the rapid, innate learning that involves attachment to the first moving object seen

Answer 46

imprinting needs to take place at a specific, very early time in the life of the animal, or else it will not take place.