Theoretical Frameworks

Question 0

list the stages of Freud’s psychosexual theory of development (5)

Answer 0

1. oral ages birth to 18 months: hand-mouth behaviors
2. Anal ages 18 months to 3 years: anus, toilet training
3. Phallic ages 3 to 5 years: genital region, gender differences
4. latency 6-12 years: period of dormancy
5. genital 12-15 years: genital, mature sexual characteristics and relationships

Question 1

list the developmental theories (4)

Answer 1

Freud: psychosexual
Erikson: psychsocial
Piaget: cognitive
Kohlberg: moral

Question 2

list the major concepts of Freud’s psychosexual development theory

Answer 2

child’s personality evolves naturally through age-related, sequential stages, each foucused on a erogenous zone. If issues not resolved in a stage, ,child will stage fixated in that stage.

Question 3

list the major concepts of Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development

Answer 3

personality develops from life to death in planned, sequential, age-related schema.
each stage has a crisis associated with it, crisis should be resolved before next state, but not stuck in stage, can be resolved later in life.

Question 4

psychosocial state and crisis associated with it for birth to one year

Answer 4

trust vs. mistrust

develop security with primary caregiver

Question 5

psychosocial stage and crisis associated with 1-3 year old

Answer 5

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

develop sense of independence, terrible twos

Question 6

psychosocial stage and crisis associated with 3-6 year olds

Answer 6

initiative vs. guilt

takes initiative in creating play roles and social identification consistent with gender

Question 7

psychosocial stage and crisis associated with 6-12 year olds

Answer 7

industry vs. inferiority

develop multiple skills which lead to sense of success, accomplishment, and confidence

Question 8

psychosocial stage and crisis associated with 12-18 year olds

Answer 8

identity vs. role confusion

who am I? define personal identity and role

Question 9

psychosocial stage and crisis associated with young adulthood

Answer 9

intimacy vs. isolation

develop mutually satisfying relationships, starting a family, keeping commitments

Question 10

psychosocial stage and crisis associated with middle adulthood

Answer 10

generativity vs. stagnation

develop meaningful work, establishing guiding the next generation, contributing to society, risk of mid-life crisis.

Question 11

psychosocial stage and crisis associated with maturity/old age

Answer 11

ego integrity vs. despair

life review, identify sense of meaning and satisfaction in their life, accepts death as part of completion of life.

Question 12

name of Jean Piaget’s theory of development

Answer 12

cognitive theory of development

Question 13

basic concepts associated with Piaget’s cognitive theory of development

Answer 13

a child’s physiological and psychological maturity, along with environment plays a role in cognitive development.
4 sequential stages.
concepts of assimilation, accommodation, and organization

Question 14

Piaget’s cognitive stage associated with infancy

Answer 14

sensorimotor

learns about environment through activity, object permanence

Question 15

Piaget’s cognitive stage associated with toddler and early childhood

Answer 15

pre-operational

use of symbols and language develops, concrete and egocentric thinking

Question 16

Piaget’s cognitive stage associated with early elementary aged children to early adolescent

Answer 16

concrete operational:

more complex thinking skills, manipulation of symbols, able to have more than one perspective

Question 17

Piaget’s cognitive developmental stage associated with adolescence and adulthood

Answer 17

.

Question 18

Kohlberg developed which theory

Answer 18

moral theory of development

Question 19

basic concepts of Kohlberg’s moral theory of development

Answer 19

individuals develop their values and morals according to a sequential model comprising three levels:
1-preconventional
2- conventional
3- postconventional

Question 20

Describe the preconventional level of Kohlberg’s moral theory of development

Answer 20

preconventional:
stage 1 obedience-punishment driven
stage 2 self-interest driven- what’s in it for me

Question 21

describe adolescent and adult stage of moral development according to kohlberg

Answer 21

conventional:
stage 3- social approval and conformity driven
stage 4- authority and social-order driven, universal ideas of what is wright/wrong

Question 22

describe adult’s moral theory of development according to kohlberg

Answer 22

postconventional
stage 5- social-contract driven, what is the greatest good?
stage 6- universal ethical-principles driven, acts because something is right in and of itself, not in relation to the expectations of others.

Question 23

according to Freud’s psycho-analytic theory: what are the three parts of personality?

Answer 23

Id: pleasure principle
Ego: conscious
superego: conscience

all three parts are in conflict

Question 24

what was Henry Sack Sullivan’s theory?

Answer 24

interpersonal psychodynamic theory

Question 25

what are the features of the interpersonal psychodynamic theory?

Answer 25

Harry Stack Sullivan:
interpersonal relationship is the keystone of therapeutic intervention.
people create “good me”, “bad me”, and “not me”
people cope with anxiety through selective inattention

Question 26

What is Pavlov’s theory?

Answer 26

classical conditioning (behavioral theory)
pair stimulus with response- bell-dog-salivate experiment

Question 27

What is BF Skinner’s theory?

Answer 27

Operant condition (Behavioral Theory)
behavior changes through rewards and punishments; associates a behavior with a consequence- positive, negative, continuous and intermittent reinforcement

Question 28

What is Marsha Linehan’s theory?

Answer 28

Dialetical behavioral theory (DBT)

Question 29

What are the main concepts of Linehan’s DBT theory?

Answer 29

Psychsocial treatment for those with BPD
Interventions focus on unconditional acceptance and validation
Choose the opposite action, choose distraction.

Question 30

What is Maslow’s theory?

Answer 30

Humanistic theory: Hierarchy of basic human needs.

Question 31

What was Carl Roger’s theory?

Answer 31

unconditional positive regard

Question 32

What are the concepts associated with Roger’s theory?

Answer 32

passive, non-judgmental attitude towards patient.

Question 33

What are the concepts of Maslow’s humanistic theory?

Answer 33

individuals must be able to meet their needs at their most basic level before they can fully progress towards the next level.

Question 34

What are the levels in Maslow’s hierarchy of basic human needs?

Answer 34

Physiological, safety/security, love/belonging, esteem, self actualization
(think ABCs).

Question 35

what is john bowlby’s theory?

Answer 35

Attachment theory

Question 36

what are the concepts associated with the attachment theory?

Answer 36

attachment behaviors are innate instinctive responses occurring between primary caregiver and child. Early experiences with attachment create basis for later social relationships

Question 37

What is Hildegard Peplaus psychiatric nursing theory?

Answer 37

Theory of interpersonal relationships (1952)

Question 38

What are the three phases of Peplau’s interpersonal relationship theory?

Answer 38

1-Orientation: sets the stage, establish trust, rapport, boundaries
2- working: learning new skills
3- termination: goals achieved, review progress, closure of relationship

Question 39

What is the role of the nurse, according to Peplau’s interpersonal relationship theory

Answer 39

participate observer.

employs therapeutic use of self.