Theoretical Framework Flashcards
What is behaviorism?
Language is like a behavior in that it is learned through imitation, rewards and practice
Knowledge is exterior to the learner and they are born as a blank state
Behaviorism uses what kind of reinforcement?
Positive and negative reinforcement
Based on Pavlov and Skinner
How do we use behaviorism in SLP?
Reward systems, we reward a child for demonstrating a behavior
What are the criticisms of behaviorism being applied in SLP?
-Babies do not get enough reinforcement to acquire language this way
-ABA also criticized because it is not naturalistic and can lead to masking
What is the theory of nativism?
Language is an innate skill that is centered within the child and not the child’s environment
We are born with universal grammar
What is the critical period hypothesis of nativism?
There is a critical period in which language must be learned or the ability to learn is lost and it becomes difficult
How is nativism used in SLP?
Universal grammar does seem to hold true as there is a structural system to language
There are also certain areas of the brain that associated with language that we are born with
What are the criticisms of nativism?
Ignore the influence of the environment on learning language
There is no universal grammar when looking at ALL languages
Does not consider USE or how we interact with others with language
What is cognitivism?
States that language develops in the context of a child’s development
Children are expected to understand certain concepts before they can express them with language
Who is the theorist that is associated with nativism?
Chomsky
What is Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Theory?
Instruction needs to incorporate the senses while the child leads the way
Basis for Montessori
What is embodied cognition?
Action based language
Language is learned through embodied, multisensory and motor interactions with the world at large
Focuses on the interaction of the body with the environment
What is schema theory?
Discusses how, using language, thoughts are organized in the brain
Leads to the development of routines, narrative structure
What is Dual Coding theory?
States that children need visual and verbal stimuli to learn something new
How is cognitivism used in SLP?
Piaget’s developmental stages
Zone of proximal development
Criticisms of the use of cognitivism in SLP
Does not account for individual differences
Emboided cognition is based on mirror neurons which is controversial
What is interactionism?
Focused on language use (pragmatics) and how it helps with development
Language is learned through supportive social environments
What are Piaget’s stages?
Sensorimotor –> preoperational–>concrete operational–>formal operational
What is Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory?
Cognition and language start out separate but eventually merge, afterwhich language drives cognitive development
What is Bruner’s Constructivist Theory?
Uses 3 levels of presentation
Enactive –>Iconic–>Symbolic
What is Bandura’s Social Learning theory?
Observation +Attention–>Retention–>Reproduction–>Motivation
How is interactionism used in SLP?
Turn-taking is critical in language development
Child-directed speech (motherese) associated with early speech development
Contextualized, naturalistic interventions are more effective
What are criticisms of interactionism in SLP?
Some cultures do not use motherese and children still develop language just fine
What is incorporated in Usage-Based Theory?
It follows interactionism (child ability + their environment)
Examples:
1. Intention reading: child notices intention of the communication partner; later knows his own intention
2. Pattern finding: child recognizes routines and then schemas
3. Role reversal imitation: the child begins the use of roles
Usage based theory is the ___ for child language learning
FRAMEWORK
What is the process that speakers follow to produce an utterance?
Develop an intention
Identify meanings
Select syntactic frames
Select lexical items
Encode message
A focus on the environment indicates …
Behaviorist
A focus on innate ability indicates …..
Nativist
A focus on environment + innate ability indicates …..
Cognitive interactionist
From all the theories, what guides our evaluation of young children as SLPs?
- Language arises from innate abilities + environment
- There is an expected developmental sequence if input is appropriate
- A supportive and interactive environment leads to better communicative outcomes
- Contextualized, naturalistic measures of play, interactions and language use are the most informative
- Caregivers can provide important information about the child’s social environment and cognitive abilities
Based on the theories, what techniques are used as SLPs …
ZPD/Scaffolding
Routines-based learning
Schemas
Contextual, authentic activities
Consideration of different cultures and caregiver input
Child-centered approaches
