Theoretical explanations of the media: Feminism Flashcards
What type of ideologies are evident in media representations
Traditional, patriarchal ideologies are evident in media representations
Connell
Historically what type of ideology has been reiterated in the media?
As? (what agent of socialisation)
Social processes such as?
Historicaly, patriarchal ideology has been reiterated in the media as a key agent of secondary socialisation
Social processes such as direct instructions, imitation of role models, criticism/praise for appropiate hegemonic behaviour
Liberal feminism Mulvey Concept? What does the cinema serve as? (instrument) Research method?- what is studied? What does Mulvey study? Example? Character?
Male gaze- the cinema is an instrument for male spectatorship
Semiology :research method on the study of communication- linguistic and non linguistic analysis of language and signs.
Researched the representation of women within films
Example
Transformers- female characters often sexualised even though it has no connection to the storyline. Therefore sexualisation is only to appease male viewers e.g. Meghan Fox’s character Mikaela Barnes = fix cars. knowledgeable but still sexualised in scenes - male gratification
Liberal feminism Lauzen Percentage of? Professions? How much is this a decrease of? Year?
Only 16% of all directors, producers, cinematographers, executive producers, writers and editors
This is a 2% decrease from 2012
Radical feminism Wolf Term? What do women feel pressure to conform to? In terms of? What kind of image is represented? What is this image a backlash to? What do women develop because of this image? What does this serve as?- therefore?
Beauty myth
Women feel pressure to conform to the male image of what a woman should look like in terms of weight, shape and size
Representation of the ‘ideal’ image of femininity is a black lash to the womens movement and developments that have been made
The ‘ideal’ image ensures that women develop a false consciousness which distracts them from improving their position in society
Tuchman
What do women have in the media?
What does this lead to?
how are women presented in the media?
Women have a narrow range of roles in the media this leads to symbolic annihilation
Women are not socially valued in the media and are presented in a hegemonic passive way
Marxist feminists
Why is the media industry in a capitalist society, patriarchal? (2)
When will this change?
The media industry in a capitalist society is patriarchal due to male owners of corporations and dominance of male media professionals- this will not change until the capitalist and patriarchal system is overthrown.
Beechey
Why are women a part of the reserve army of labour? (2)
When are they available?
What does the media encourage women to do? (2)
Therefore men are?
Definition for the reserve army? characteristics of workers?
Due to gaps in work and lower status women are a part of the reserve army of labour
Available when capitalism needs additional workers
The media encourages women to stay home and take care of their husband = keeps men in good running order to go to work and benefit capitalism
Reserve army- group of the unemployed brought in ecominc booms and thrown out during economic slumps- easy to ‘dipose’ as they are low paid, low skilled work, easily can be replaced by someone else
Recent feminism Whelehan Studied into? Examples? (3) What do these magazines do? What culture is promoted? What does this mean? (2)
Study into men’s magazines = FHM, Maxim and Loaded- argued that these magazines defeat the message of feminism
The magazines promote a ‘laddish culture’ in which women are objectified and changes in gender roles are dismissed as an ‘ironic joke’
Recent feminism
McRobbie
Researches into? (2)
time frame?
What impacts identities of readers?
What is evident throughout these magazines?
What kind of feminity is presented as ideal?- focus on? (4) What kind of feminity is this?
Quotes? ( trap readers, mark, discontent about (2), girl becomes)
Range of researches into women and girls magazines for over 4 decades
Magazines do impact the identities of readers
Discusses the ‘discourse of Western enlightened values’ evident throughout magazines
Western version of feminity is presented as ideal- focus on fashion, love lifestyle and beauty which promotes hegemonic feminity
Critical of celebrity gossip magazines such as Heat and Closer
‘Trap reader into a cycle of anxiety, self loathing, and misery- standard mark of modern woman hood’
discontent about ‘body image, not being beautiful enough’
‘The girl becomes a self judging person,
