theoretical explanations of inequalities

Question 1

age functionalism- parsons

Answer 1

age inequalities are functional. childhood socialises into identity and adolescence builds independance

Question 2

age functionalism- eisenstadt

Answer 2

different age groups allow people to learn new social roles. go from ascribed to achieved status

Question 3

age functionalism- cumming and henry

Answer 3

‘disengagement theory’ disengagement is beneficial for society

Question 4

age marxism- bond et al

Answer 4

‘the political economy of old age’ means elderly from lower social class are discriminated against

Question 5

age marxism- phillipson

Answer 5

old people are dependant on society when they’re denied access from work

Question 6

age marxism- jones

Answer 6

the elderly are the new reserve army of labour

Question 7

age weberian- barron and norris

Answer 7

young and old age groups are in secondary labour market

Question 8

age weberian- parkin

Answer 8

‘negatively priveleged status groups’. middle age people practice social closure to exclude young and old people from positions od authority and status. they face a concrete ceilling

Question 9

age postmodernism- polhemus

Answer 9

‘supermarket of style’ means youth is non-homogenous

Question 10

age postmodernism- laczko and phillipson

Answer 10

inequality faced by elderly is due to wealth, not age

Question 11

age postmodernism- featherstone and hepworth

Answer 11

life course is broken down through de-differentiation (stages of life course become less clear) and deinstitutionalisation (institutions of society become less closely associated with phases of life)

Question 12

age postmodernism- blaikie

Answer 12

retired are now a valued consumer group because they have the ‘Grey £’

Question 13

age feminism- brannen

Answer 13

women in the pivot generation face a dual burden

Question 14

age feminism- sontag

Answer 14

women are less likely to be in high profile roles when they’re older due to double standard of ageing

Question 15

age feminism- arber and ginn

Answer 15

age affects women’s power and status but not mens

Question 16

age feminism- itzin

Answer 16

women’s status devalues after childbearing age

Question 17

class functionalism- durkheim

Answer 17

class stratification is beneficial to social order. modern society has a specialist division of labour based on skills which is functional

Question 18

class functional- davies and moore

Answer 18

society is meritocratic, class position reflects talents

Question 19

class functional- parsons

Answer 19

ranking of society is based on kinship, personal qualities, achievement, possessions, authority

Question 20

class new right- saunders

Answer 20

inequality encourages hard work. capitalist society offers incentives

Question 21

class new right- murray

Answer 21

underclass are lazy and workshy, they promote ‘dependancy culture’

Question 22

class marxism- marx

Answer 22

ruling class ideologies create false conciousness

Question 23

class marxism- westergaard

Answer 23

polarisation is happening where rich get richer and poor get poorer

Question 24

class marxism- scott

Answer 24

upper class practice social closure to exclude lower classes

Question 25

class neo-marxism- gramsci

Answer 25

hegemony- ruling class have persuaded enough proletariat to 'side with them', preventing a revolution

Question 26

class neo-marxism- wright

Answer 26

middle class are in contradictory class position

Question 27

class neo-marxism- braverman

Answer 27

white collar workers have become proletarianised

Question 28

class weberian- zweig

Answer 28

embourgeoisement blurring the boundaries of middle and working class

Question 29

class weberian- savage

Answer 29

middle class separated into different lifestyles and identities

Question 30

class weberian- giddens

Answer 30

3 upper class groups- traditional upper class, entrepreneurial super rich, jet set/pop aristocracy

Question 31

class postmodernism- polhemus

Answer 31

consumer culture means people can 'pick and mix' their identity- decline in the importance of class

Question 32

class postmodernism- pakulski and waters

Answer 32

'the death of class' inequalities that remain are due to status

Question 33

class postmodernism- beck

Answer 33

we live in a 'risk society', people are more concerned with personal interests

Question 34

class postmodernism- furlong and cartmel

Answer 34

'trains and cars' metaphor

Question 35

class feminism- beechey

Answer 35

women are a cheap reserve army of labour

Question 36

class feminism- benston

Answer 36

unpaid domestic work of women helps support capitalist society

Question 37

gender functionalism- parsons

Answer 37

women have expressive role in family, men have instumental

Question 38

gender functionalism- murdock

Answer 38

women's place is in the home since they're biologically weaker and fit for childbearing

Question 39

gender functionalism- rastogi

Answer 39

human capital theory. pay gap is justified because men have more human capital

Question 40

gender new right- schlafly

Answer 40

marriage can be difficult but is the most fulfilling role for women

Question 41

gender new right- dennis and erdos

Answer 41

fatherless children are less likely to be socialised into culture of discipline and compromise

Question 42

gender marxism- engles

Answer 42

'exploiter-exploited' relationship in capitalism reflected in the home

Question 43

gender marxism- feeley

Answer 43

women emerge from family life preconditioned to accept place in capitalist hierarchy

Question 44

gender marxism- beechey

Answer 44

women are a cheap reserve army of labour

Question 45

gender marxism- benston

Answer 45

unpaid domestic work in home helps suppor6 capitalist society

Question 46

gender weberian- barron and norris

Answer 46

women are more likely to be in secondary labour market

Question 47

gender weberian- abbott and wallace

Answer 47

husband's career is seen as more important

Question 48

gender weberian- electoral commission

Answer 48

women take less part in powerful groups. 'political activism gap'

Question 49

gender postmodernism- skeggs

Answer 49

women are too divided by class, gender, ethnicity, age to use masculine and feminine categories

Question 50

gender postmodernism- faludi

Answer 50

younger generation don't want to talk about the 'f' word

Question 51

gender feminism- adkins

Answer 51

horizontal and vertical segregartion

Question 52

gender feminism- stanko

Answer 52

sexual harrassment used to keep women in their place

Question 53

gender feminism- oakley

Answer 53

children are socialised into gender roles through canalisation, manipulation, verbal appellations and domestic activities

Question 54

ethnicity functionalism- patterson

Answer 54

host-immigrant model. ethnic minority groups are seen as 'alien'

Question 55

ethnicity functionalism- parsons

Answer 55

when assimilation happens, ethnic inequalities will disappear

Question 56

ethnicity culturalism- modood et al

Answer 56

3/5 bangladeshi and 1/2 pakistani women can't speak english

Question 57

ethnicity culturalism- roberts

Answer 57

asian groups brought entreprenurial traditions and values with them

Question 58

ethnicity culturalism= butler

Answer 58

muslim women have 'progressive attitudes' towards work, sexuality and education

Question 59

ethnicity culturalism- dale et al

Answer 59

younger women are more likely to speak fluent english and participate in the labour market

Question 60

ethnicity new right- sewell

Answer 60

black youths adopt hypermasculine identities from rapper role models

Question 61

ethnicity new right- murray

Answer 61

supports murray's ideas and blames single mothers for underclass

Question 62

ethnicity marxism- cox

Answer 62

racism wouldn't exist without capitalism

Question 63

ethnicity marxism- castles and kosack

Answer 63

racism encouraged to divide, legitimise, rule and scapegoat. immigrants in the uk have low pay and low status jobs

Question 64

ethnicity neo-marxism- hall

Answer 64

immigrants are scapegoated as a problem and as creating problems and divisions

Question 65

ethnicity neo-marxism- miles

Answer 65

ethnic minority groups are 'radicalised class fractions' which capitalism uses for its own gain

Question 66

ethnicity neo-marxism- lawrence

Answer 66

immigrants are seen as a threat and source of unemployment

Question 67

ethnicity weberian- rex and tomlinson

Answer 67

black underclass has been created

Question 68

ethnicity weberian- parkin

Answer 68

'negatively privileged status groups' face social closure and concrete ceiling

Question 69

ethnicity weberian- barron and norris

Answer 69

ethnic minorities are in secondary labour market

Question 70

ethnicity postmodernism- back

Answer 70

hybrid identities are emerging in East london

Question 71

ethnicity postmodernism- gill

Answer 71

blasian and brasian identities

Question 72

ethnicity postmodernism- burdsey

Answer 72

asian boys on football teams code switching and wearing white mask

Question 73

ethnicity feminism- yuval-davies

Answer 73

other feminist approaches are ethnocentric

Question 74

ethnicity feminism- abbott et al

Answer 74

feminist approach concentrates on white women's experiences