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Primary Texts Midterm > Themes > Flashcards

Themes Flashcards

1
Q

In which book is it argued that it doesn’t matter how educated one is, because both educated and uneducated are very capable of learning from and fulfilling God’s desires?

A

Libro de las Profecias, Christopher Columbus

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2
Q

In what book does a character justify his previous conquests by saying his capabilities and desires for completing the sailing trip are given by God?

A

Libro de las Profecias, Christopher Columbus

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3
Q

In which book do the people rejoice and thank God when they see land?

A

The Voyage of Christopher Columbus

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4
Q

In which book does the navigator lie to his crewmembers about how far they have gone?

A

The Voyage of Christopher Columbus

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5
Q

Who claims that it will be easier to convert the indigenous people to Christianity by being kind and friendly to them than to try and force them into it?

A

Christopher Columbus

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6
Q

Who used a divide and conquer method to pit the native tribes against each other?

A

Cortes

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7
Q

Which two people had to deal with discontent from the sailors working for them and lied to them?

A

Columbus and Cortes

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8
Q

Which tribe surrenders to Cortes and works for him to defeat Tenochtitlan?

A

The Tlaxcalans

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9
Q

How does Cortes justify the brutality against the natives?

A

Claiming the indigenous people deceived and attacked him (unreliable narrator), claims amazing military odds by saying that God was on his side and supports the conquest, focusing on material and wealth gain

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10
Q

Who compares Tenochtitlan to Spanish cities like Granada and why?

A

Cortes, to justify his travels and the decisions he made were worthwhile

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11
Q

Discuss Montezuma in Cortes:

A

Lack of resistance, Montezuma gives big pompous speech to Cortes, he tears down all the idols and they accept, Montezuma is captured, Montezuma knew the size of Cortes’ forces and knew he had allied with the Tlaxcalans from sending out messengers/spies and was frightened

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12
Q

Which Spaniard does Cortes fight while in Mexico?

A

Navarez

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13
Q

How does Cortes describe Montezuma’s death?

A

He makes it very uncertain how he died, to try and make it unclear whether they or the native people killed him.

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14
Q

In what ways is Cortes an unreliable narrator?

A

Minimized his role in attacking the natives, likely overestimated how well he did in fights, covers up cause of rebellion

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15
Q

Why is the Florentine Codex being written?

A

To preserve the language of the native people and highlight the trustworthy indigenous perspective

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16
Q

What are some examples of omens?

A

things begin burning without someone actually setting it on fire, lakes boiling,
people having visions, birds, people who were disfigured, lightning while it was barely raining, volcano, comet.

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17
Q

How does Montezuma try to gather intel on Cortes?

A

sends many people to spy on the Spanish, contradicting Cortes’ narrative
which says that the native people were naive. He also sends witches and soothsayers to try and test/stop Cortes. They give Cortes gifts, hoping to appease him and that he will leave.

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18
Q

Discuss the intricacies in the idea that the natives thought of Cortes as a god

A

“Teotl” means god/divinity. “Hombre dios” is another word used to describe a
“god-man,” which is different from a god. Even though the Cortes account indicates that they thought of him as a god, this isn’t necessarily true since they have different words they use to refer to him. It is also worth noting that they dress him up as Quetzalcoatl, who was a human who became a god.

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19
Q

Describe the Spanish encounter with the Tlaxcalans from the indigenous point of view

A

The Otomi were a group the Tlaxcalans hired to fight for them who initially came up against Cortes. After seeing how this encounter went, they decided to ally with Cortes. They manipulate him to slaughter the Chuluans for them and have a common enemy with Cortes in Montezuma

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20
Q

What is the general indigenous sentiment around Montezuma in Tenochtitlan?

A

Montezuma is nervous about Cortes and the public turns on him; they see him as weak and stop obeying his orders and treating him as king, which explains why they are rude to him and burn his body after he dies

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21
Q

How does the start of fighting at Tenochtitlan actually happen?

A

The Spanish ask the Mexica to celebrate a festival. When they are distracted and all together, the Spanish massacre them. This isn’t included in the Cortes account

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22
Q

How does the indigenous account treat Montezuma’s death?

A

They mention he is dead but not how he dies. He is burned and in disgrace during the funeral, in contrast to the nobleman from Tlatelolco

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23
Q

How does Tenochtitlan fall?

A

Battle shifts in favor of the Spanish because of smallpox and famine. The Mexica surrender and ask to pay a tribute. The Spanish loot

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24
Q

What is the name of Cortes’ interpreter?

A

Mariana

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25
Q

Why are the omens included at the beginning? What does this have to do with how and where the text was written?

A

This is the only (out of six) indigenous text where Montezuma is displayed as helpless and omens occur. It was written from Tlatelolco with their perspective. It makes sense that they might want to blame things going wrong on Tenochtitlan and Moteuccoma while leaving their own people blameless. The omens might be to help come to terms with the fact that they were doomed, so no matter what they did they wouldn’t have been able to win. Again, shifts blame off the Mexica and towards god/universe.

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26
Q

What does Huaca mean?

A

Broad term designating all physical objects taken to embody superhuman and
sacred persons. Many mountains, springs, river junctions, mummies, and
manmade objects were huaca.

27
Q

What does Ayllu mean?

A

Group of people connected by kinship through the bloodline that live in the same
territory.

28
Q

Only text that covers pre-Hispanic religious traditions of the indigenous people from their own perspective

A

The Huarochiri Manuscript

29
Q

Who are the main characters of the Huarochiri Manuscript

A

Huallallo, Paria Caca, Cuni Raya

30
Q

Describe the Huallallo times

A

He defeated previous humans and established the Yunca people. People did not die, which causes overpopulation and terrible living

31
Q

Describe Cuni Raya

A

A god who posed as a poor beggar who was a clever trickster. He impregnates a female huaca by having her eat a fruit with his sperm. She is so disturbed when she discovers a “poor beggar” is the father that she runs away. When he follows her, he blesses or curses the animals based on the information they give him about her.

32
Q

What forms does Paria Caca take?

A

He started as five eggs, then he turns into five falcons, then five humans

33
Q

Describe the fight between Paria Caca and Huallallo

A

Paria Caca rains down in five directions with lightning, Huallallo is a giant fire. Huallallo flees and is worshipped by the Huanca. Paria Caca is worshipped by the Yunca people who extend their territory down. Rules for his worship say they are all of one birth

34
Q

How do nature and animals come up in the Huarochiri manuscript?

A

Animals and people talk, treat each other with familiarity, call each other brother and sister. Animals were a key part of society and almost at the same level as humans. Defining trait of the indigenous religion is their respect for nature and landscape around them.

35
Q

Describe the gender relations in the Huarochiri manuscript

A

Women are shamed and treated brutally, we see them depicted as lesser and disliked because all the animals that Cuni Raya encounters that are female are mean to him and cursed. However, they have an important role in the stories and are able to use the gods, such as when one makes Paria Caca widen the irrigation canal before she sleeps with him

36
Q

How is religion important in Hans Stadens True History

A

Explicitly compares his trials to those of Jesus, uses Christianity to separate him from the “savages”, uses religion to manipulate his captors into keeping him alive, uses religion as a source of interpretation of the world around him, similar to Columbus

37
Q

What is the importance of Staden pretending to be French?

A

The group that captures him is friendly to the French but against the Portuguese. Frenchmen he encounters tend to think their relationship to the tribe is more important than saving him/shared European identity. European powers form alliances with indigenous populations to help fight, gather more information, and explore

38
Q

What is the European relationship with the natives?

A

They rely on them for food and supplies, and fear they will starve without their help. They still refer to them as savages despite this, because they frequently fight and are cannibals

39
Q

What are the sophisticated qualities of the war tactics of the cannibals?

A

They fight during seasons where there is abundant food, the motivation for war was to fight over limited resources to increase food supplies. The environment made nudity practical and lack of agriculture made fighting over food necessary. They had elaborate attacks and captured Staden to avenge the killing of a group member by the Portuguese

40
Q

What did Sor Philothea criticize Sor Juana for?

A

Writing about lower subjects (natural sciences) rather than religion

41
Q

How did Sor Juana explain why she wanted to write about other subjects than religion?

A

You need to understand other subject to comprehend the bible (astrology in Job). She then used this to include arguments about womens rights to an education

42
Q

What are the two interpretations of Sor Juana’s over the top humility?

A

She wanted to be courteous and make her arguments for women’s rights more palatable since they were quite radical for her time and to prevent people from thinking she was stepping out of line. On the other hand, she may have genuinely felt she was unworthy, because she later renounces her intellectual pursuits.

43
Q

How was Ursula’s life in the convent?

A

Even though she was freed, she had to do all of the work in the convent that a slave would do and never escapes discrimination. Thus she has trouble keeping up with her religious obligations

44
Q

What did Ursula see in her visions?

A

People she knew who had died give horrible descriptions of hell and purgatory. They ask her to pray for them. She is terrified she will face this after she dies, “do black women go to heaven?”

45
Q

How do Sor Juana and Ursulas texts fit together?

A

They both feel unworthiness–Sor Juana with her intellect and Ursula with her visions and God speaking to her

46
Q

How does Humboldt describe the results of the conquest?

A

He separates indigenous society into a glorious past pre-conquest which was ruined by the Spanish, only the submissive peasant class survived. It is not fair to judge a civilization by its state after decline.

47
Q

What are Humboldts opinions on indigenous vs European society?

A

He praises the former indigenous people, but uses some degrading language (barbarous, stupid, indolent). He calls them unimaginative, stupid drunken and savage. He praises their health and appreciation of the arts. The text has both encyclopedic and romantic tendencies.

48
Q

What are the main points from the discussion of mining?

A

He criticizes the techniques for not being very efficient and the state for not controlling the mines and forcing them to implement better procedures. They don’t put any money into manufacturing. Spain is formally wealthy, but they aren’t actually building up any wealth. Wants them to focus on other metals and fight wealth inequality

49
Q

Why does Humboldt focus on wanting the government to intervene more?

A

This piece is dedicated to the new Spanish King, who Humoldt thinks is going to be more hands on. He praises this king, but not the past kings, and appreciates that the king’s beliefs are more in line with his philosophy that the state should be more involved. In hindsight, we know that this involvement is actually a precursor to the Creolle rebellion.

50
Q

What conditions prompted the writing of Moreno’s letter

A

Spanish treasury is bankrupt (cant pay employees, millitary). Trade restrictions resulted in surplus of agricultural goods. Black market run by merchants who illegally buy British goods and sell them at marked up prices. Economic inequality and class division felt by farmers

51
Q

Why should free trade be implemented in the colonies?

A

massive increase in taxable revenue for the Spanish government.
In his opinion, the government should tax malevolent corporations that sustain themselves on the subjugation of the impoverished
He argues against these corporations, which he believes produce little to no value. Instead, he glorifies farmers which, unlike traders, produce physical goods as a result of their labor
free trade will dramatically increase the agricultural production of the colony.
When the Spanish closed free trade in Montevideo, it decreased taxible revenue
Spain has a moral obligation to ensure the welfare of the state and the happiness of its people. Reinforces United States’ independence from Britain

52
Q

Who were the peninsulares?

A

The “elite” class

  • Class comprised largely of poor Spainards who saw opportunity to elevate themselves in Mexico and succeeded in doing so
  • Occupied top positions in public office
  • Educated in practical professions and very hard working, disciplined, and industrious
53
Q

Who were the creoles?

A
  • Children of Peninsulares, given opportunities their parents had hoped for
  • Educated in the liberal arts: philosophy and literature
  • Given their better education, they had a sense of being above the labors of their parents
  • Complacent in their comfortable lifestyle…in part due to environment
  • However, still socially below Peninsulares and unable to reach top positions like
    Peninsulares
54
Q

What does Alaman say about women?

A

Spanish women stopped coming to America except as wives of public officials
→ “Thus all white women in New Spain were of the Creole class” pg 325
- Creole women more valuable than Creole men because they had the nature of the
Peninsulares
→ “loving wives, good mothers, modest, hardworking and kind” pg 325
- Only fault in Creole women was contribution to the laziness of their sons
- Despite superior qualities to the men, remain in subordinate social standing

55
Q

How does Alaman describe Hidalgo?

A

Creole Catholic priest, though served his parish in an untraditional way
- Educated and proficient in French and Indigenenous languages and well liked by
parishioners and officials alike (Bishop Abad y Queipo)
- Unconcerned with religious life and unorganized in ventures (beekeeping, silkworms,
china, bricks, etc…)
- Initially started a rebellion in 1810 to support the Spanish king after Napoleon’s take-over
- Rebellion transformed into a movement for the independence of Mexico
- Captured and executed shortly after

56
Q

How does Alaman describe the Spanish vs followers of Hidalgo

A

Spanish are brave and heroic, followers of Hidalgo are brutal greedy looters. He doesnt like how they tarnish religion to use to gain followers. He thinks they have lots of vices

57
Q

What was the Sentiments of the Nation?

A

Introduces a framework of liberal ideas to guide Mexico as an independent nation

58
Q

How does religion come up in Morelos?

A

Catholic is only religion, no tolerance

59
Q

How does Morelos place limitations on government

A

Also introduces limitations to religious and government positions in order to create
boundaries and prevent abuse
- Articles 3 and 8 limit financial obligations of people to the church and officials
- Article 22 limits taxes further
- Article 9: “Only Americans can hold public office”
- Article 7 limits the time someone can hold public office

60
Q

Who wants to outlaw slavery and support free trade?

A

Morelos

61
Q

How do race and gender come into the constitution of Haiti?

A

Slavery is abolished in the second article. The first article names Haiti.
● No white man is allowed to own land under Article 12
○ Land that belonged to Frenchmen is to be confiscated
○ Article 13 exempts naturalized white women and their children, as well as
Germans and Polanders
● Roles described in the constitution as male, but women are citizens
● Emphasis on family and its protection
○ No disinheriting children, marriage and divorce are regulated by the government

62
Q

How is the economy and state building described in Haiti

A

Article 50 states there is no predominant religion
● Haiti calls itself an empire and rests the authority on its emperor
○ Calling itself an empire could betray Haiti’s infancy
○ Great amount of trust on the emperor, as he has the power to pick his successor
○ Could have been announcing aspirations of influence in the area
● Agriculture and trade are emphasized throughout the Constitution
○ Possibly to signal to other states they were still open and eager for trade
■ Article 11 forces everyone to work (“possess a mechanic art”)
● Emphasis on property. The house of every citizen is an inviolable asylum
● General and in-depth descriptions on how to be a good citizen
● Emphasized military, tied as well with morals

63
Q

Which nation does Bolivar admire and want to help America?

A

Britain

64
Q

Why does Bolivar think the colonies are in a state of infancy

A

No experience, vices from Spain (Chile nonexample)

Primary Texts Midterm (5 decks)

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