Theme Test 2

Question 1

The parvocellular neurons are particularly responsive to

Answer 1

colour, fine detail, and stationary objects

Question 2

Resting on the auditory hair cells is the

Answer 2

tectorial membrane

Question 3

Posterior parietal cortex is considered to be association cortex because it receives substantial sensory input from the

Answer 3

secondary areas of more than 1 sensory system

Question 4

Saccades are

Answer 4

eye movements

Question 5

The superior olives receive much of their neural input from the

Answer 5

cochlear nuclei

Question 6

Response chunking and changing the level of control are thought to be important processes in

Answer 6

sensorimotor learning

Question 7

In humans, which body part probably has the greatest corresponding area of primary motor cortex

Answer 7

the lips

Question 8

Dee Dee is learning to ride a bicycle, and he keeps his head down to look at the pedals as he careens and crashes through his lessons. Eventually, Dee Dee learns to look straight ahead as he pedals, because his feet, legs, and arms can enact their movements more effortlessly. Which principle of sensorimotor learning does this situation illustrate?

Answer 8

initial stages of motor learning are performed under direct conscious control; over time, they become automatized.

Question 9

Primary motor cortex is located in the (blank)
gyrus of the (blank) lobe.

Answer 9

precentral, frontal

Question 10

Neurons controlling voluntary movement of the head are located in the:

Answer 10

ventral portions of the precentral gyrus

Question 11

Melatonin appears to be particularly effective in treating

Answer 11

insomnia that results from a melatonin deficiency and insomnia that results from the failure of light to serve as a zeitgeber in blind patients

Question 12

In a large, well-conducted comparison between long sleepers and short sleepers, Fitchen and colleagues found that the short sleepers

Answer 12

slept less

Question 13

Under normal living conditions, most people sleep during

Answer 13

the falling phase of the circadian body-temperature cycle

Question 14

Most mammals and birds

Answer 14

sleep, have sleep that is similar to human sleep, have sleep that is characterized by high-amplitude, low-frequency EEG activity that is punctuated by periods of low-amplitude, high-frequency EEG activity

Question 15

Sleep apnea commonly results from

Answer 15

a failure of the CNS to stimulate respiration, obstruction of the breathing passage by muscle spasms, obstruction of the breathing passage by atonia.

Question 16

Learning from past experience provides an opportunity to

Answer 16

Update predicted values based on experience with past outcomes

Question 17

The brain area that is considered crucial for encoding subjective value when making a decision is the

Answer 17

Medial prefrontal cortex

Question 18

Action-based models of choice purport that

Answer 18

Motor systems may bias the generation of actions with greater value to the individual

Question 19

The common currency hypothesis states that

Answer 19

The brain converts different possible reward outcomes into a single neural currency for comparison

Question 20

All of the following are elements of decision-making EXCEPT:
* a. Outcome evaluation
* b. Converting decisions to action
* c. Inductive neural weighting
* d. Option evaluation

Answer 20

Inductive neural weighting

Question 21

Explicit memories for the particular event or experiences of one’s life are (blank) memories

Answer 21

episodic

Question 22

The amygdala is thought to play a role in

Answer 22

memory for the emotional significance of experiences

Question 23

In Alzheimer’s disease, the brain damage is

Answer 23

diffuse

Question 24

Because H.M.’s surgery seemed to disrupt only those retrograde memories acquired shortly before his surgery, it was once widely believed that the hippocampus:

Answer 24

temporarily stores memories before they are transferred to a more permanent storage site

Question 25

In the brains of Alzheimer’s patients, the level of (blank)
is greatly reduced, resulting from degeneration of the basal forebrain.

• a. epinephrine
• b. norepinephrine
• c. acetylcholine
• d. dopamine

Answer 25

acetylcholine

Question 26

The simple process of detecting the presence of stimuli is often referred to as

Answer 26

sensitivity

Question 27

Involuntary fixational flick-like eye movements are called

Answer 27

saccades

Question 28

The (blank) constitutes about 10% of the brain total mass but included over half of its neurons

Answer 28

cerebellum

Question 29

The basal ganglia receive signals from various parts of the cortex and transmit them back to the cortex via the:

Answer 29

thalamus

Question 30

Studies of encephalitis lethargic provided the first evidence that the posterior (blank) and surrounding area plays a role in the maintenance of wakefulness.

Answer 30

hypothalamus

Question 31

Stage 3 sleep EEG is characterized by a predominance of (blank) waves.

Answer 31

delta

Question 32

Which lobe of the brain is implicated in much of the research on decision making?

Answer 32

Prefrontal cortex

Question 33

The (blank) system may be biased towards greater subjective value when generating responses

Answer 33

motor

Question 34

The (blank) is thought to play a role in the storage of the emotional significance of various experiences

Answer 34

amygdala

Question 35

The human medial temporal lobe includes the hippocampus, the (blank) and the medial temporal cortex

Answer 35

amygdala

Question 36

The human medial temporal lobe includes the hippocampus, the (blank) and the medial temporal cortex

Answer 36

amygdala

Question 37

Describe the physiological and behavioural changes that occur during a typical night’s sleep in relation to sleep stages. In your response, be sure to also describe their typical time course (10 marks)

Question 38

Discuss our current understanding of the organisation of the auditory cortex: in your response, provide an overview of the successes (i.e what has been achieved) and the difficulties (i.e what makes progress challenging), in understanding this brain system

Question 39

Summarise the evidence that the hippocampus is involved in memory for space. Describe three kinds of evidence

Question 40

Identify and describe the key anatomical areas and genes related to the circadian clock. For all, discuss their roles in circadian rhythmicity and describe the research that led to the discovery of these regions and genes