Theme Test 2 Flashcards
The parvocellular neurons are particularly responsive to
colour, fine detail, and stationary objects
Resting on the auditory hair cells is the
tectorial membrane
Posterior parietal cortex is considered to be association cortex because it receives substantial sensory input from the
secondary areas of more than 1 sensory system
Saccades are
eye movements
The superior olives receive much of their neural input from the
cochlear nuclei
Response chunking and changing the level of control are thought to be important processes in
sensorimotor learning
In humans, which body part probably has the greatest corresponding area of primary motor cortex
the lips
Dee Dee is learning to ride a bicycle, and he keeps his head down to look at the pedals as he careens and crashes through his lessons. Eventually, Dee Dee learns to look straight ahead as he pedals, because his feet, legs, and arms can enact their movements more effortlessly. Which principle of sensorimotor learning does this situation illustrate?
initial stages of motor learning are performed under direct conscious control; over time, they become automatized.
Primary motor cortex is located in the (blank)
gyrus of the (blank) lobe.
precentral, frontal
Neurons controlling voluntary movement of the head are located in the:
ventral portions of the precentral gyrus
Melatonin appears to be particularly effective in treating
insomnia that results from a melatonin deficiency and insomnia that results from the failure of light to serve as a zeitgeber in blind patients
In a large, well-conducted comparison between long sleepers and short sleepers, Fitchen and colleagues found that the short sleepers
slept less
Under normal living conditions, most people sleep during
the falling phase of the circadian body-temperature cycle
Most mammals and birds
sleep, have sleep that is similar to human sleep, have sleep that is characterized by high-amplitude, low-frequency EEG activity that is punctuated by periods of low-amplitude, high-frequency EEG activity
Sleep apnea commonly results from
a failure of the CNS to stimulate respiration, obstruction of the breathing passage by muscle spasms, obstruction of the breathing passage by atonia.
Learning from past experience provides an opportunity to
Update predicted values based on experience with past outcomes
The brain area that is considered crucial for encoding subjective value when making a decision is the
Medial prefrontal cortex
Action-based models of choice purport that
Motor systems may bias the generation of actions with greater value to the individual
The common currency hypothesis states that
The brain converts different possible reward outcomes into a single neural currency for comparison
All of the following are elements of decision-making EXCEPT:
* a. Outcome evaluation
* b. Converting decisions to action
* c. Inductive neural weighting
* d. Option evaluation
Inductive neural weighting
Explicit memories for the particular event or experiences of one’s life are (blank) memories
episodic
The amygdala is thought to play a role in
memory for the emotional significance of experiences
In Alzheimer’s disease, the brain damage is
diffuse
Because H.M.’s surgery seemed to disrupt only those retrograde memories acquired shortly before his surgery, it was once widely believed that the hippocampus:
temporarily stores memories before they are transferred to a more permanent storage site
In the brains of Alzheimer’s patients, the level of (blank)
is greatly reduced, resulting from degeneration of the basal forebrain.
- a. epinephrine
- b. norepinephrine
- c. acetylcholine
- d. dopamine
acetylcholine
The simple process of detecting the presence of stimuli is often referred to as
sensitivity
Involuntary fixational flick-like eye movements are called
saccades
The (blank) constitutes about 10% of the brain total mass but included over half of its neurons
cerebellum
The basal ganglia receive signals from various parts of the cortex and transmit them back to the cortex via the:
thalamus
Studies of encephalitis lethargic provided the first evidence that the posterior (blank) and surrounding area plays a role in the maintenance of wakefulness.
hypothalamus
Stage 3 sleep EEG is characterized by a predominance of (blank) waves.
delta
Which lobe of the brain is implicated in much of the research on decision making?
Prefrontal cortex
The (blank) system may be biased towards greater subjective value when generating responses
motor
The (blank) is thought to play a role in the storage of the emotional significance of various experiences
amygdala
The human medial temporal lobe includes the hippocampus, the (blank) and the medial temporal cortex
amygdala
The human medial temporal lobe includes the hippocampus, the (blank) and the medial temporal cortex
amygdala
Describe the physiological and behavioural changes that occur during a typical night’s sleep in relation to sleep stages. In your response, be sure to also describe their typical time course (10 marks)
Discuss our current understanding of the organisation of the auditory cortex: in your response, provide an overview of the successes (i.e what has been achieved) and the difficulties (i.e what makes progress challenging), in understanding this brain system
Summarise the evidence that the hippocampus is involved in memory for space. Describe three kinds of evidence
Identify and describe the key anatomical areas and genes related to the circadian clock. For all, discuss their roles in circadian rhythmicity and describe the research that led to the discovery of these regions and genes
