Theme one Flashcards
What is the definition of micro economics
Economics concerned with single factors and the effects of individual decisions - buisnesses
What is macro economics
Economics concerned with large scale or general economic factors, such as interest rates and productivity - government
What is the definition of demand
The quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to buy at a given price in a given time period
What is the law of demand
As price increases, quantity decreases, they have an inversely proportional relationship
What is the opportunity cost
The cost of the next best alternative forgone when a choice is made
What is the definition of supply
The quantity of a good/ service producers are willing and able to produce at a given price in a given time period
What is the law of supply
As price increases, quantity increases, they have a directly proportional relationship
What happens when we increase quantity produced and why
The price of the product will increase as increasing price is necessary to maintain profit margins
What can we see from Production possibility curves/ production possibility frontiers
Maximum possible production within given factors of production and various combinations of two goods/ services that can be produced
What are the factors that affect demand?
Population (directly proportional relationship)
Advertising (directly proportional relationship)
Substitutes price (other businesses increasing price will increase demand)
Income
Fashion/ tastes
Interest rates (If interest rates decrease consumers are more likely to buy luxury goods)
Complements price ( printers + printer ink)
What are normal goods
Cars, eating at restaurants
What are inferior goods
Fast food or public transport
What are the factors of production
Capital (machines and tractors, man made)
Enterprise (entrepreneurs, people at the top)
Land
Labour
What does a linear PPF show
Constant opportunity cost
What does a concave PPF show
Increasing opportunity cost
What is productive efficiency
Using all the factors of production to the maximum availability, this can be seen at any point on the curve
What are some ways businesses could increase production of a product
Reallocate factors of production so there is more focus on the desired product
Increase quality/ quantity of factors of production, this will positively affect both goods. They could also do this for just one of the products
What is the term which means all other factors remain unchanged?
Ceteris parabus
What is increasing the price known as?
Extension of demand
What is decreasing the price known as?
Contraction of demand ( due to quantity demanded decreasing )
What is allocative efficiency
Whether a product being produced is satisfying to consumers
What is Pareto efficiency?
The idea that no one can be made better off without making someone else worse off
What is productive efficiency?
Using up all the factors of production to their maximum level
What are the factors which affect supply
Productivity (output per worker/ per machine per hour)
Indirect tax (tax on production)
Number of firms (how many of the same business)
Technology
Subsidy (money grant given by the government)
Weather (agricultural businesses)
Cost of production
(oil, raw materials, gas, electricity, rent)
What is the definition of a market?
Any place where buyers meet suppliers to exchange goods or services
What is equilibrium
Where demand and supply are equal
What does it mean if someone says the market is clear
The market is at equilibrium
What is a free market
A market without intervention from the government
How does the price mechanism work if the price is too high?
A signal is sent to producers that the price is too high, this can be seen through empty tables, fully stocked shelves etc. They are given an incentive to lower their prices, the supply and demand are now at a perfect equilibrium.
How does the price mechanism work if the price is too low
A signal is sent to producers, seen by competition between buyers, long queues or huge waiting lists. Producers will raise their price, supply and demand are now at a perfect equilibrium
What are the four functions of the price mechanism
Allocate recourses effectively by creating equilibrium, demand is now at the same level as supply (4)
Rationing excess supply/ demand by encouraging or discouraging consumption, raising the price lowers demand, lowering the price raises demand (3)
Sending a signal to producers that prices are too high/ low (1)
Incentivise to change price and increase profit (2)
What is excess supply?
If supply is greater than demand, the excess is the amount extra that there is
Where can we see equilibrium on a demand/ supply and price graph
At the point where demand and supply are the same
What is consumer surplus?
The difference between the price consumers are willing and able to pay for a product and the price they actually pay
How do we calculate consumer surplus
The area below the demand curve and above the price line
What happens to consumer surplus as price is decreased?
Consumer surplus increases
What is producer surplus?
The difference between the price producers are willing and able to produce a good or service for and the price they actually receive
How do we calculate producer surplus?
The area above the supply curve and below the price line
What happens to producer surplus as the price is increased?
Producer surplus also increases
What is society surplus?
The sum of producer and consumer surplus
What happens to the demand of a good if its compliments price increases?
It decreases
What happens to the demand of a good if the price of its substitute increases?
It will increase as more consumers will be willing to buy it
What is derived demand?
When the demand for a good or service comes from the demand for something else, aeroplanes are derived from the demand for holidays
What is an example of derived demand
Labour is derived from the demand for goods and services
What is composite demand?
The idea that two goods need the same input to make them
What is an example of composite demand?
Cheese and butter both need milk
What will happen to the quantity production of a good if its composites demand increases?
It will decrease
What is joint supply
The idea that the increase of the production of one good will also increase the production of another good due to the second good being a byproduct of the first
What is an example of joint supply
Honey and beeswax
What is the definition of price elasticity of demand (PED)
Measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded given a change in price
What is the equation for PED
%change in quantity/ % change in price
What does it mean if the PED is more than one
Demand is price elastic
What does it mean if the PED is less than one?
Demand is price inelastic