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RP GCSE (latest) > Theme D: Peace And Conflict > Flashcards

Theme D: Peace And Conflict Flashcards

1
Q

Christian teachings in favour of forgiveness

A

“If someone strikes you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also” (Matthew)
“For if you forgive men when they sin against you, your Heavenly Father will also forgive you. But if you do not forgive men their sins, you Father will not forgive your sins.” (Matthew)
“Dear friends, don’t try to get even. Let God take revenge” (Romans)
“How many times should i forgive someone… Jesus answered, not just seven times but seventy-seven times” (Matthew)

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2
Q

Christian general attitudes towards justice

A

God is Just and expects people to do the same
“But let justice roll on like a river, righteousness like a never-ending stream!” (Amos 5:24)

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3
Q

Buddhist general attitudes towards justice

A

Injustice can cause Dukkha
Metta and Karuna teaches to treat all with loving-kindness and compassion
Some Buddhists work to end suffering in the world e.g anti-war campaigns
“One should cultivate metta towards all the world”
“Let him not despise anyone anywhere”
(Pali Canon)

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4
Q

Christian general attitudes towards forgiveness

A

Important part of being Christian as Jesus died on the cross to forgive humanity for their sins
Jesus taught many times about forgiveness
“I tell you not 7 times, but 77 times” (Matthew 18:21-22)

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5
Q

Buddhist general attitudes towards forgiveness

A

Not forgiving can lead to anger and hatred (2 of the 3 poisons)
Buddha taught that forgiveness also leads to compassion and wisdom
“…In accordance with the Dhamma, accept the transgression of the one who is confessing…” (Buddha, Anguttara Nikaya)

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6
Q

Vietnam War Factfile (when, where, who, why, outcome)

A

When: 1953-1975
Where: Vietnam
Who: North Vietnam + China vs South Vietnam + USA
Why: Communism vs Capitalism, reunification of Vietnam
Outcome: Vietnam reunited under communism, US wasted billions, millions of deaths

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7
Q

Reasons that nations fight

A

Self defence, ideological, greed, religion, removal of dictator

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8
Q

Christian general attitudes towards greed as a reason for war

A

“For money is the root of all kinds of evil” (Timothy 6:10, New Testament)

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9
Q

Buddhist general attitudes towards greed as a reason for war

A

Greed is one of the 3 poisons and should thus be avoided
“Greed is a root of what is unskilful” (Pali Canon)

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10
Q

Why would a war be waged for greed

A

The gain more land, increase colonial power, gain resources

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11
Q

Why would a war be waged in self-defence

A

Defending the country from invasion

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12
Q

Christian general attitudes towards self-defence as a reason for war

A

“Rescue the weak and the needy, deliver them from the hand of the wicked” (Psalms 82:4)

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13
Q

Buddhist general attitudes towards self-defence as a reason for war

A

War leads to violence and causes suffering
Violates the first moral precept
Violates the principle of ahimsa

Self-defence will ultimately save lives
Creates less suffering

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14
Q

Why would a war be waged in retaliation

A

A country may have done something very wrong

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15
Q

Christian general attitudes towards retaliation as a reason for war

A

“Do not resist an evil person if someone slaps you on the right cheek, turn the left one also” (Matthew 5:39)

“An eye for an eye” (Exodus)

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16
Q

What is absolute pacifism

A

No engagement in violence/ war at all.

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17
Q

What is selective pacifism

A

No engagement in certain military operations e.g unjust wars

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18
Q

What is nuclear pacifism

A

No use of nuclear weapons

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19
Q

What is conditional pacifism

A

Remaining non-violent generally however under certain conditions violence may be used

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20
Q

Arguments against pacifism

A

Other countries may view you as weak if you don’t defend yourself
In the past, war has been necessary to stop injustice and remove tyrannical leaders
We should defend the weak and those who are being treated unfairly

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21
Q

Arguments for pacifism

A

Weapons today can harm large areas and cause damage way beyond their initial target
In war, people are killed unnecessarily,and often innocent civilians are injured or killed
We can resolve things peacefully through diplomacy and negotiations

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22
Q

Christian general attitudes towards pacifism

A

“An eye for an eye”
There is evidence that Jesus was not a pacifist e.g Jesus got angry and turned over tables in a temple

Jesus taught “Those who live by the sword, die by the sword” and “Turn the other cheek“

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23
Q

Buddhist general attitudes towards pacifism

A

1st moral precept- Refrain from harming any other Iiving beings
Metta and Karuna
Buddhist leaders advocate for pacifism e.g Thich Nhat Hanh- “If you are not for peace, you are against peace, you are not Buddhist”

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24
Q

What are active objectors

A

People who refuse to fight

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25
What is a conscientious pacifist
Someone who refuses to fight but will seek ways to lessen the impact of war through acting as aid workers, medics, or other non-combat roles
26
What are the reasons of a Holy War
Enforcing God’s will Defence of faith Conversion of others (proselytising)
27
Christian general attitudes towards Holy War
Jesus was a pacifist as he said “Those who live by the sword, die by the sword” and “Turn the other cheek”, and would therefore be against Holy War Some believe they are spiritual if they take part in Holy War Christian crusaders were told by the pope that their sins would be forgiven and they could access heaven even if they killed someone in the Holy War
28
Buddhist general attitudes towards Holy War
It is an act of violence which causes harm and suffering Goes against the 1st moral precept (ahimsa) Buddhists have supported war in the past e.g Korea in 1592 and China in 1935 In Myanmar and Sri Lanka, Buddhist leaders encouraged violence against other religious groups to try and push them out of the country (perhaps a political basis rather than religious)
29
Reasons for the Israel-Palestine conflict
Long standing grudges leading to more violence Inability to compromise leading to more violence 1930s and 1940s- a time of great uncertainty and persecution, people willing to fight Large area of land taken from original inhabitants after WW2
30
Reasons for The Crusades
The “promised land” was rich and fertile- generated wealth Pope sought to keep favour of leaders who lost land to Turkish invaders Fear of if the war was not fought then the world order would be threatened- growing opponent Over 3000 Christians had been killed in Jerusalem- retribution
31
Reasons for the Northern Ireland conflict
Religious affiliation linked with political beliefs- dispute over political allegiance Discrimination and inequality- believers more likely to gain employment or adequate housing Peaceful protests and not been recognised by the government Distrust for Britain and British rule
32
Reasons for the establishment of the Islamic state
Ineffective, oppressive, and corrupt governments Poverty, ongoing war,and the breakdown of society lead to many joining the fighting Long history of western involvement caused great unrest, poverty, and instability Growing distrust and discrimination of Muslims in the wake of Islamic extremism
33
What is a Just War
A war that is fought for a reason that can be justified and that can be proved to be morally right
34
Who were the main two contributors to the Just War theory
St Augustine and St Aquinas
35
What are the criteria for a Just War
Just cause Proper authority Right Intention Last resort Reasonable chance of success Innocents should not be harmed Force used should be proportional
36
Christian general attitudes towards Just War
It results in death which goes against the 10 commandments The criteria aren’t fit for use in the modern world As long as it is the last resort it is acceptable as it can be used to protect the weak “Rescue the weak and the needy, deliver them from the hand of the wicked” (Psalms 82:4)
37
Buddhist general attitudes towards Just War
It is an act of violence which causes harm and suffering- against the 1st moral precept (ahimsa) War of any kind does not embody the principles of metta ad Karuna “I firmly believe that we will achieve success through our non-violent path”- The Dalai Lama, whist they were under threat in Tibet
38
What is terrorism
A planed action intended to cause death or serious harm to civilians with the purpose of achieving political change
39
Christian teachings against terrorism
“Blessed are the meek” “Turn the other cheek” “Love thy neighbour” “Thou shall not kill”
40
How do people help victims of war
Sending clean water and food parcels Offering support Medical aid Volunteering Fundraising and donating Temporary housing Education
41
What is an example of a charity that helps people injured by war
Help for Heroes
42
Long term affects of war on civilians
Loneliness Mental health issues Staying a refugee Need for housing Trafficking Trying to reunite families
43
Short term affects of war for civilians
Injury Displacement Becoming a refugee Lack of resources No shelter Life constantly under threat Vulnerable Lack of communication
44
What is the Tzu Chi Foundation
A Buddhist organisation that helps victims of war
45
What does the Tzu Chi Foundation do
Medical care (bone marrow transplants) Establishing schools Responding to international disasters Provides environmental protection
46
Where has the Tzu Chi Foundation worked
Ukraine war Nepal disaster Pakistan floods Turkey support for Syrian refuges
47
What are the religious principles that support the work of the Tzu Chi Foundation
Founder encourages an altruistic (selfless) love for others Guiding principle is to help the poor and educate the rich Karuna and metta
48
What is Christian Aid
A Christian organisation that has helped victims of war since WW2 (1945)
49
What do Christian Aid do
Give humanitarian relief Long-term development support for poor communities worldwide Tackle injustice
50
Examples of where Christian Aid has worked
Haiti earthquakes Afghanistan crisis East Africa hunger crisis Ukraine humanitarian appeal
51
What are religious principles that support the work of Christian Aid
Everyone is equal in the eyes of God
52
Christian general attitudes towards peace-making
God is the great peace-maker Jesus’ message was of peace between God and humanity God’s grace can overcome human evil The Holy Spirit works in human hearts and minds to build justice and peace “Blessed are the peace-makers for they are the children of God” (Matthew 5:9)
53
What is an example of a Christian organisation working for peace
The Peace People- they worked for peace in Northern Ireland
54
Buddhist general attitudes towards peace-making
Buddhists promote peace for individuals and society Buddhists are pacifists which demonstrates metta Conflict causes dukkha
55
What is an example of a Buddhist individual working for peace
Sister Chan Khong- helped develop socially engaged Buddhism, gives talks on peace and non-violence
56
Christian general attitudes towards reconciliation
Christianity is based on reconciliation between humanity and God Catholics believe reconciliation is a sacrament (confession) Jesus taught “Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you” (Matthew 5:44)
57
Buddhist general attitudes towards reconciliation
Buddha encouraged people to repair their relationship with others Story of Angulimala (finger necklace)- relationships may be repaired is the person at fault is willing to confess and accept the full consequences
58
Name 3 types of WMDs
Bio weapons, chemical weapons, nuclear weapons
59
Arguments in support on WMDs
Safe as long as evil countries don’t possess them Prevents war- MAD Disarmament is impossible You cannot fully dismantle the most dangerous part of the bomb It deals with enemies quickly and effectively
60
Arguments against WMDs
The damage is irreparable and long term Their use results in the deaths of tens of thousands of innocent civilians The technology, money, and time used to create them is wasteful Could lead to WW3 in the wrong hands
61
Christian arguments in support of WMD
Some accept them as deterrents only Some Christians believe they can be used in retaliation “An eye for an eye”
62
Buddhist arguments for WMDs
“A person who protects the Dhamma will meet with such an inexpressible reward”- Mahaparinirvana Sutra
63
Christian arguments against WMD
Not acceptable as it results in a large number of deaths- God made us stewards of the earth “Love thy neighbour” Sanctity of life Turn the other cheek
64
Buddhist arguments against WMD
Buddhist Peace Fellowship campaigns against nuclear weapons Karuna and metta 1st moral precept
65
When was the bomb dropped on Hiroshima
August 6th 1945
66
When was the bomb dropped on Nagasaki
August 9th 1945
67
How many civilians died in Hiroshima
140,000
68
How many civilians died in Nagasaki
74,000
69
How much of Hiroshima was destroyed
90%

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