Theme A Flashcards
What kind of population does the UK have?
Ageing
What are some problems of an ageing population?
- Increased strain on NHS. 2. Higher cost of social care e.g. care homes. 3. Increase in age related illnesses e.g. dementia which reduces the workforce and hence the economy.
How has ethnicity changed from 2001 to 2011? (2)
- Decrease in those identifying as white although still over 80%. 2. Increased in mixed groups like British Asian or British Caribbean.
How has religion changed from 2001 to 2011? (3)
- Decrease in Christians although still a majority. 2. Increase in Muslims (2nd largest religious group). 3. Increase of no religion (25%)
How many people in the UK have a disability?
Over 11 million
How many over retirement age have a disability?
0.45
What are some push factors for migration? (3)
- War or conflict. 2. Natural disasters. 3. Discrimination e.g. religious.
What are some pull factors for migration? (3)
- Economic opportunities (jobs). 2. Increased freedoms and human right protections. 3. Better standard of living.
What are the 3 types of migrants coming to the UK?
- Refugees. 2. Asylum seekers. 3. Economic migrants.
What’s the difference between a refugee and an asylum seeker?
A refugee has actually left their country for fear of persecution and cannot return. An asylum seeker has applied to join due to fear of persecution but hasn’t been formally accepted.
Why is the UK obligated to take in refugees? (2)
- Refugee Convention 1951. 2. Human Rights Act 1998.
What are some benefits of migration? (3)
- Economic migrants help the economy through: work, shopping, rent and tax. 2. Migrants can have special skills like being a doctor or electrician. 3. Diversity, tolerance and respect is embraced through sharing cultures.
What are some challenges of migration? (3)
- Population growth leads to a strain on resources and services like the NHS. 2. Rates of pay may decrease because migrants can work for lower rates. 3. If the migrants don’t successfully integrate, tensions could rise and support for extremism could result.
Why might people from the commonwealth specifically come to the UK? (3)
- Share British culture and values and language. 2. Share a history so have a common identity. 3. UK appealed after WW2 for commonwealth countries to fill shortages.
How many members of the commonwealth are there and what are some examples?
- India. Pakistan. Australia. Nigeria.
How many members of the EU and some examples?
- France. Spain. Italy.
What right do members of the EU have?
Right to live, work or study in any other member countries.
What are 3 recent sources of migration?
- 1947 - 55 Indian immigrants fled after the India / Pakistan partition. 2. 1948 - 51 Windrush thousands of Caribbean people filled shortages in the UK after WW2. 3. 1998 After the Iron Curtain falls thousands of Eastern European fled to UK to seek asylum.
What is mutual respect?
Treating others the way you wish to be treated.
Why is mutual respect important?
It helps us understand the beliefs of others which creates the equality needed for community cohesion.
Why is tolerance important?
Accept and live alongside others who hold beliefs you may not agree with which creates an inclusive society.
What are 4 British values?
- Democracy. 2. Rule of law. 3. Individual liberty. 4. Mutual respect and tolerance of other’s beliefs.
What are 3 effects of inequality?
- Gender pay gap. 2. Religious discrimination. 3. Ageism.
What are the characteristics that 2010 Equality Act protect?
- Age. 2. Sex. 3. Marital status. 4. Race. 5. Pregnancy. 6. Religion. 7. Disability. 8.Sexual orientation.
What are 3 examples of how mutual respect is upheld through supporting citizens?
- Police monitor and record hate crime. 2. Free legal advice by Citizens Advice. 3. Victims of discrimination can pursue complaints through civil courts.
What is the definition of diversity?
Being part of a community with differences e.g. in religion, age, class.
What is the definition of integration?
Bringing communities together and celebrating the diversity of each group.
What’s the definition of community cohesion?
Creating communities that are integrated with each other.
How can schools promote cohesion? (4)
- RE lessons. 2. Assemblies and religious celebrations. 3. Learning about religious festivals. 4. Fundraisers like international food day.
What are some features of high cohesion in society? (3)
- Community projects. 2. Tolerance of beliefs. 3. Celebration of diversity.
What are some features of low cohesion in society? (4)
- High levels of crime. 2. Racism. 3. Gang culture and no - go areas. 4. Increase in extremist views.
What are some community groups? (3)
- Befriend a refugee. 2. Teaching English classes. 3. Festivals like Notting Hill Carnival.
What are the 6 different types of identity?
- Age. 2. Religion. 3. Ethnicity. 4. Gender. 5. Social. 6. Local or regional or national.
How could someone have multiple identities?
British and Pakistani and Muslim.
What is a debate in England?
English interchangeable with British?
What is a debate in Wales?
Importance of Welsh language = English. Welsh Language Act 1993.
What is a debate in Scotland?
Independence. 44.7% voted to leave.
What is a debate in NI?
Religion - Catholics vs protestants.
Why was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights created and when?
1948 - after the horrors of the world wars especially the Nazis genocide.
How many articles does the UDHR have and what are 2 examples?
30 articles including: freedom of speech, freedom from slavery and freedom from torture.
What did HRA 1998 do?
Put UDHR into UK law.
What are some examples of how HRA is not upheld? (2)
- Prisoners cannot vote. 2. Homeless people do not have the right to a basic standard of living under article 25.
What are moral rights?
Generally accepted standards that the majority adhere to e.g. helping others worse off than you. Also not lying.
How can the rights of people clash with the greater good of society?
- Terrorism Act 2000 - suspected terrorists can be held without charge for 14 days. 2. Extremism groups leading to terrorism e.g. National Action declared a terrorist group in 2016. 3. Investigatory Powers Act 2016 - police can access browsing history with judge’s permission.
What is the age of criminal responsibility in England and Scotland?
10 and 8
What is the age to get a part - time job in the UK?
13
What can you do at 16 years old? (3)
- Consent to sex. 2. Choose a GP. 3. Buy a pet.
What can you do at 17 years old? (2)
- Drive a car. 2. Be a blood donor.
What can you do at 18 years old? (4)
- Vote. 2. Serve in a jury. 3. Get married. 4. Buy alcohol.
What can Citizens Advice and a trade union do?
Provide advice on employment and discrimination laws.
What does the 2015 Consumer Rights Act declare?
- Goods and services should be as they were advertised and fit for purpose. 2. Services should be undertaken with reasonable skill and care. 3. Consumers deserve their money back or an exchange if this is broken.
What do the minimum wage laws do?
Protect workers from exploitation.
What do the health and safety laws do?
Protect employees and employers in the workforce.
What do contracts of employment do?
Define expectations between employee and employer.
What are some political rights for adults? (2)
- To vote in general and local elections and referendums. 2. To stand as an MP or local councillor.
What are some political rights for all citizens? (4)
- Lobbying. 2. Forming a pressure group. 3. Organise a campaign or protest. 4. Petition.
What are some of citizens’ responsibilities?
- To vote to represent the general population. 2. Protest legally. 3. Use freedom of speech without offending.
What are the 3 principles of the rule of law?
- No one is above the law (equality before the law). 2. Innocent until proven guilty beyond reasonable doubt. 3. Access to justice e.g. free law advice.
What are 3 examples of when freedoms were limited?
- Right to freedom of press was limited because of the hacking of Millie Dowler’s phone in 2011. 2. Freedom of speech was limited of the terrorist group National Action. 3. Suspected terrorists held up to 14 days.
Why did the Magna Carta come about? (3)
- King John was a tyrannical leader who constantly raised taxes to fund unsuccessful battles. The Nobles were fed up with this. 2. 1213 King Jogn interfered with the Church and actually got excommunicated. 3. King John failed to meet the Nobles.
What were 4 principles of the Magna Carta and how do they compare to now?
- Church could appoint its own bishops. Now - acknowledges rights of individuals. 2. King could not demand taxes. Now - fairness and limits to taxation. 3. King could not put barons on trial secretly. Now - access to justice and a fair trial by peers. 4. Everyone including the King was subject to the law. Now - rule of law - no one is above the law.
Info about European Convention of Human Rights 1953
Provides protection for UK citizens. Established European Court of Human Rights.
Info about the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1990.
- Recognises children under 18 are more vulnerable. 2. Sets out the rights of a child e.g. education and family.
What’s the difference between local councillors and officers?
Local councillors are elected by the public and represent their party and ward. They respond to the needs of the residents e.g. for social housing and leisure services. Whereas officers are hired by the council and work alongside councillors. They are often responsible for detailed decision of the council e.g. most efficient route for recycling vans.
What do councils usually do? (3)
Collection of council tax and rates. Housing. Leisure.
What is council tax?
Collected based off home value and used for police and fire stations and parks etc
What are business rates?
A form of tax paid by all the businesses in an area. The amount a business pays depends on the rent that could be charged for its premises.
What are central government grants?
Money calculated by central government given to local councils. Recently money has been cut so councils have to prioritise the necesseties.
What are some charges for income for councils?
Some council services e.g. parking fees or bulky waste collection or leisure centres.
What are things that councils cannot charge?
- Education. 2. Elections. 3. Libraries. 4. Normal rubbish collection.
