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Bio 243 Final > Theme 4C > Flashcards

Theme 4C Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is genetic drift

A

Changes in allele frequencies due to chance

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2
Q

What are the two types of genetic drift

A

Bottleneck and founder effect

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3
Q

What is a bottleneck

A

Temporary reduction is population causes drift, reduces genetic variation and causes genetic differences between populations

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4
Q

What is the founder effect

A

Reduction in genetic variation that results when a small part of a large population is used to establish a new colony

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5
Q

What is interbreeding

A

Mating with relatives, non random

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6
Q

Why are small populations more susceptible to genetic drift and interbreeding

A

Alleles are more likely to go extinct with a small sample size (genetic drift) and interbreeding is caused by small populations, also can lead to interbreeding depression

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7
Q

What is directional selection

A

Individuals of one extreme phenotype are favoured

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8
Q

What is stabilizing selection

A

Individuals with intermediate phenotype favoured

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9
Q

What is disruptive selection

A

Both extreme phenotypes favoured

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10
Q

What is sexual selection

A

Favours individuals with specific traits that enhance their ability to mate with individuals of the other sex
Males have low energy required gametes - sperm
Females have high energy required gametes - eggs

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11
Q

What is sexual dismorphism

A

Males and females of the same species look different, traits produced often diminish survival
Reproductive success = fecundity + mating sucess

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12
Q

What is intrasexual selection

A

Competition between sexes for mating opportunities

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13
Q

What is intersexual selection

A

Preferential mating (mate choice)

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14
Q

What is reproductive isolation

A

Two similar species that have evolved to be unable to reproduce

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15
Q

What are the prezygotic mechanisms of reproductive isolation

A

Prevent mating or fertilization
Habitat, behaviour, temporal, mechanical, or gametic isolation

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16
Q

What are postzygotic mechanisms for reproductive isolation

A

Prevent zygote development or reproduction
Reduce hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility or hybrid breakdown

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17
Q

What is speciation

A

Process by which new species arise

18
Q

What is allopathic speciation

A

Physical barrier that divides geographical range (vicarience event)

19
Q

What is Sympatric speciation

A

NO geographical barrier
Polymorphism affects fitness and mating is discouraged —> polyploidization

20
Q

What is ployploidization

A

Meiosis fails and an organism produces 2n gametes

21
Q

What is an autopolyploid

A

Occurs when a 2n gamete is fertilized with another 2n gamete
Forms 2 diploid gametes instead of 4 haploid ones
Can only mate with other autoploids

22
Q

What is alloploidization

A

Similar to autopolyploidization but first involves the mating between two closely related species

23
Q

What is the biological species concept

A

Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups

24
Q

What is the morphological species concept

A

Species are discrete types of organisms defined by unique reliable morphological characters

25
Q

What is outbreeding

A

Mating with individuals more distantly related (non-relatives)

26
Q

What is assorative mating

A

Individuals with similar genotypes and/or phenotypes mate with each other more frequently than would be expected under random mating pattern (eg body size)

27
Q

Does inbreeding affect genotype and alleles frequencies

A

It effects genotype frequencies but not alleles frequencies (by itself at least)

28
Q

What is inbreeding depression

A

Rare deleterious alleles are more likely to combine in homozygotes (expression of homozygous recessive)

29
Q

What is hybrid breakdown

A

Hybrids can mate, but offspring have reduced fitness

30
Q

What is a vicariance event

A

Splitting of a population so that the two “new” populations evolve separately

31
Q

What is the phylogenetic species concept

A

Shared evolutionary history

32
Q

What species concept did Leneus use

A

Morphological species concept

33
Q

What is gene flow

A

Shifts alleles and genotypes away from HWE
Exchange of alleles between populations increases genetic diversity

34
Q

What are the 5 types of mutations in DNA

A

1) point mutation/substitution
2) insertion
3) deletion
4) inversion
5) duplication

35
Q

What is balancing selection

A

More then one allele is actively maintained in a population
1) heterozygotes have higher relative fitness
2) when different alleles are favoured in different environments
3) when the rarity of a phenotype provides a selective advantage

36
Q

What is the phylogenetic species concept

A

Uses both morphological and genetic sequence data

37
Q

What is a phylogenetic species

A

A cluster of populations that emerge from the same branch

38
Q

What is a ring species

A

Species that have a ring shaped geographical surrounds uninhabitable terrain

39
Q

What is clinical variation

A

A smooth pattern of variation across a geographical gradient when a species is distributed over a large, environmentally diverse area
Eg. Species in colder environments often have larger bodies and shorter limbs

40
Q

What is a species cluster

A

A group dog closely related species recently descended from a common ancestor (can evolve quickly)

41
Q

What is secondary contact and what can it tell us

A

Contact after a period of geographical isolation
Provides a test of whether the genes in the populations have diverged enough to make them reproductively isolated (allopathic speciation)

42
Q

What is the banding pattern in animals

A

Patterns in DNA used to identify how closely related 2 species are

Bio 243 Final (6 decks)

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