theme 4: Social and Cultural changes 1949-76 Flashcards

1
Q

What did Confucianism say?

A

Men superior to women
Respect ancestor (ancestor worship)
Specific gender roles

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2
Q

What was foot binding

A

The breaking and binding of feet to make feet small which was considered attractive

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3
Q

When was foot binding outlawed

A

1911 but still continued in some rural areas

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4
Q

When was the marriage law

A

1950

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5
Q

What did the marriage law ban.

A

Arranged marriages, bride price, concubinage and polygamy.

Men could not divorce wife is she was pregnant or within a year of giving birth

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6
Q

What did marriage law allow.

A

Divorce, women could keep property already owned after marriage

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7
Q

How did mao try and implement marriage law?

A

Launched huge propaganda campaign initially an a second one in 1953

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8
Q

When was the land distribution campaign?

A

1950

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9
Q

What did he land distribution campaign allow

A

Women could own land in their own name. Short lived as collectivisation meant no one could own their own land

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10
Q

Why should have communes been good for women

A

Nurseries, launderers and canteens were provided

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11
Q

Why weren’t communes good for women?

A

Few communes had good facilities

Work points meant women earned less due to physical limits f

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12
Q

Why weren’t work points good for women

A

Physical labour meant women earns less. In times of famine men were prioritised for food as they were more productive. Caused many to turn to prostitution

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13
Q

Was there an increase in divorces during famine.

A

Yes. In gansu province divorce rate increased by 60 % during famine

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14
Q

How did the removal of family value impact children and old people

A

Children without mothers were sold or abandoned

Old people were abandoned and left to fend for themselves especially during famine

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15
Q

During cultural revolution what were children told

A

The CCP and mao were there real parents

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16
Q

What was the “lost generation”

A

The teenagers sent to the countryside when red guard disbanded as they found it difficult to reintegrate in society

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17
Q

Mao and birth rate

A

Mao was originally in favour of a huge population for mass mobilisation campaigns but realised there wasn’t enough resources for huge population.
In 1962 contraception became widely available
In 1970s mao wanted the birth rate to be reduced to 2%. Later pressurised women into limiting number of children to 2

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18
Q

What did maos ideas on birthdate lead to

A

One child policy in 1979

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19
Q

In first year of marriage law how many women divorced

A

1 million

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20
Q

How many women were in the workforce

A

1949-76 number of women in industry quadrupled

Still less than 1/3 of the work force

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21
Q

What did women have to sacrifice for emancipation?

A

Any feminine roles

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22
Q

Where was the strongest resistance to female liberation

A

Rural area specifically Muslim areas where arranged marriage was part of their culture

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23
Q

Example of resistance to women’s role changing

A

Many party officials disagreed so did not enforce policies such as the marriage law
Practices like foot binding continued in places such as xiangxi

24
Q

Literacy in China

A

Majority of peasant illiterate
1950s set up national primary education system
Literacy increased from20% in 1949 to 50% in 1960
Cultural revolution slowed progress and by 1976 only 70% literate

25
Q

How many children in full time education 1956

A

Less than 1/2 aged 7-16

26
Q

Where was there inequality in education

A

Key schools attracted the best teachers and they had strict entrance exams and places were reserved for the children of party officials

27
Q

What did lack of technical experts in higher education cause

A

Many students went to Russian universities until Sino-soviet split in 1959

28
Q

When was pinyin introduced

A

1956

29
Q

What was pinyin and why was is good

A

Had an alphabet and was pronounced phonetically compared to mandarin. Helped growth in literacy significantly

30
Q

What happened to education in cultural revolution

A

1966-70 schools and universities closed

Education of around 130 million young people stopped

31
Q

What happened to education after cultural revolution?

A
  • red guard teens still not schooled as sent to countryside
  • education undermined after teachers humiliated and curriculum dismissed
  • focus on vocational training and practical work in education
32
Q

How many barefoot doctors

A

1 million

33
Q

What were barefoot doctors

A

Medical trainees

34
Q

How much training did barefoot doctors get

A

6 months

35
Q

What did barefoot doctors do?

A

Promoted simpl hygiene, preventative health care and treated common diseases

36
Q

How were barefoot doctors good ideologically

A

Hoped to expos young intellectuals to peasant conditions so they wouldn’t slip into bourgeois mindsets so spent half their time working in agriculture

37
Q

how many villages involved in barefoot doctor scheme?

A

1965 - 1976: 90% of villages had joined scheme

38
Q

What was the international response to barefoot doctors

A

Successful. Received attention and World Health Organisation endorses similar schemes around the world

39
Q

What were barefoot doctors another example of

A

Mass mobilisation campaign as there were huge propaganda movements where people travelled to spread health care messages

40
Q

Why was there an emphasis on prevention over cure

A

Lack of sufficiently trained doctors and nurses and lack of hospital facilities

41
Q

What was launched to help health care get off the ground

A

Germ warfare scare during Korean War

42
Q

Where was there success in health care

A

Reduced death rate from waterborne diseases
Life expectancy increased from 41 in 1950 to 63 by 1970
Infant mortality rate fell

43
Q

How did barefoot doctors reduce death from waterborne diseases

A

Encouraged digging deeper wells and careful disposal of human waste

44
Q

What was bad about health care provision

A

Imbalance as better quality care was available in cities

45
Q

What did land reform act and destroying village life do to culture?

A

Bought an end to festivals such as festival of lateens and new year festival.

46
Q

What did reunification campaign do to culture?

A

Devastating effect on Tibetan and Xinjiang culture

47
Q

What were agit-prop grouls?

A

Agitation and propaganda groups. Toured the country to persuade people to abandon traditional culture

48
Q

What was the result of the August 1966 attack on the four olds

A

Religious artefacts and temples destroyed and philosophical books burnt. Religious shrines in houses replaced with pictures of mao

49
Q

What happened to monks in Tibet?

A

Denounced. Some forcibly enlisted into military academies or killed at struggle meetings.
During GLF they were physical labourers

50
Q

When was there an intense anti-Buddhist propaganda campaign

A

1958

51
Q

Numbers for China getting rid of missionaries?

A

1851 there were over 3000 missionaries, by 1954 there were 354

52
Q

How was Catholicism attacked?

A

Wearing of religious symbols such as roasaries or crucifixes were banned

53
Q

What gave mao the appearance of religious tolerance?

A

Patriotic churches. State run churches in which individual priests were coerced into joining

54
Q

Why were catholics cracked down on and how?

A

They refused to accept patriotic churches. Subject to surveillance and self criticisms

55
Q

Where was Islam most associated with

A

Xianjiang and gansu provinces

56
Q

What happened to Islam in China?

A

Mosques seized and converted into meeting halls for struggle meetings
Mosques closed in CR and leaders were killed or forced to do humiliating jobs. In some places r Liguria leaders were forced to raise and eat pigs
Islamic intellectuals forced to shave their beards

57
Q

How many catholics were there in China before 1949

A

3 million