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Theme 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

dynamic process compensating/ adjusting for changes in the internal and external environment

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2
Q

what are the components of the environment/metabolism?

A

temperature
pH
solutes
water
pressure

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3
Q

what are the essential elements for plants?

A

essential element
macronutrients
micronutrients

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4
Q

what are essential elements for plants comprised of?

A

-components of nucleic acids and amino acids
-function as enzyme cofactors
-have a role in photosynthesis or regulation of osmotic potential

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5
Q

what are the traits of macronutrients for plants?

A

-account for 96% of dry mass
-essential in large quantities
-C, H, O from air and water not considered minerals
-N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg are mineral nutrients, available to plants through the soil as dissolved ions in water

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6
Q

what are traits of micronutrients?

A

-essential in trace quantities
-Cu, Cl, Ni

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7
Q

what are the traits of nitrogen?

A

-abundant element in air
-limiting to plant
-triple bond requires specific enzyme
-nitrogen cycle provides soil nitrogen

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8
Q

what is nitrogen fixation?

A

incorporates atmospheric N2 into plant- available compounds NH4

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9
Q

what is bacterial ammonification?

A

breaks decaying organic N compounds into NH4

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10
Q

what happens to NH4 in plants?

A

its taken up by plants but they prefer NO3

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11
Q

what does bacterial nitrification do?

A

oxidizes NH4 to NO3

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12
Q

why do plants convert NO3 to NH4?

A

to assimilate N into organic compounds

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13
Q

what is eutrophication?

A

enrichment of an ecosystem with chemical nutrients such as compounds containing nitrogen and phosphorous

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14
Q

what is soil as a body part?

A

the living skin of the earth

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15
Q

what does soil contain?

A

soil-mineral particles
compounds
ions
decomposing organics
water
air
organisms

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16
Q

what determines soil properties?

A

relative amount of soil particles

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17
Q

when is soil solution avalaible for plant uptake?

A

after gravity drainage

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18
Q

what does soil solution do?

A

coats soil particles
partially fills pore spaces

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19
Q

what type of soil holds more water?

A

clay soils holds more water than sandy, loose soil

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20
Q

what type of soil composition increases water availability?

A

humus

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21
Q

what is soil solution?

A

a combination of water and dissolved substances

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22
Q

how does soil solution uptake work?

A

water molecules are attracted by negatively charged clay and humus particles

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23
Q

what types of ions are present in soil solution?

A

both cations and anions but not equally available to plants

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24
Q

how do minerals enter plants?

A

passively enters the roots with the water

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25
Q

how do roots select for mineral uptake?

A

selectivley absorbed vio ion-specific transport proteins

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26
Q

what is cation exchange?

A

replaces minerals with H+ produced by roots as excreted H+ or carbonic acid

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27
Q

where are mineral cations absorbed to?

A

negative soil particles

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28
Q

where are protons pumped from?

A

root hairs

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29
Q

what are the traits of anions?

A

weakly bound to soil
move freely into root hairs
leach easily by excess water

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30
Q

why is soil usually alkaline?

A

due to negatively charged clay particles bound to cations

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31
Q

what happens when soil turns acidic?

A

the negative charged on the clay are occupied by H+ and the cations are leached out easily and become unavailable to the plant

32
Q

what is passive transport?

A

requires no metabolic energy

33
Q

what is active transport?

A

requires metabolic energy (ATP)

34
Q

in passive transport, how do substances move?

A

down a concentration or electrochemical gradient

35
Q

what are examples of forms of passive transport?

A

simple diffusion
transport proteins
ion channels
carrier proteins

36
Q

in active transport how do substances move?

A

substances move against the gradient

37
Q

what are examples of active transport?

A

transport proteins using energy
H+ pump

38
Q

what are the two mechanisms to increase uptake?

A

root hairs
mycorrhizae

39
Q

how do root hairs increase uptake?

A

increase root surface area
absorb water and minerals

40
Q

what is mycorrhizae?

A

symbiotic association between fungus and plant roots

41
Q

how does mycorrhizae benefit both partners?

A

by two way exchange of nutrients

42
Q

what does the plant provide the fungus in mycorrhizae?

A

carbon

43
Q

what does fungus supply the plant in mycorrhizae?

A

increases plants supply of soil nutrients

44
Q

what do charged particles require?

A

a channel or transporter

45
Q

what is the most important soil layer?

A

the top layer with humus

46
Q

what does nitrogen fixation do for plants?

A

incorporates atmospheric N2 into plant available compounds

47
Q

in what ways do plant mechanisms allow solutes to move?

A

into and out of cells
laterally from cell to cell
over long distances between root and shoot

48
Q

what are the 3 types of water movement in plants?

A

osmosis
aquaporin
water potential

49
Q

what is osmosis?

A

passive movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

50
Q

what is aquaporin?

A

proteins that allow rapid movement of water through hydrophobic membrane core

51
Q

what is water potential?

A

the potential energy of water
driving force

52
Q

what is the water potential of pure water?

A

0 megapascals

53
Q

where does water move on the water potential gradient?

A

from high to low water potential

54
Q

what does the presence of solutes do to water potential?

A

lowers it (value is always negative)

55
Q

what is pressure potential?

A

the force required to stop water movement

56
Q

what does positive pressure do to water potential?

A

increases water potential

57
Q

what does osmosis create?

A

turgor pressure

58
Q

when does wilting occur?

A

when plants lose more water than they gain

59
Q

what does an increase of solutes inside the cell result in?

A

more negative solute potential and more positive turgor pressure inside the system

60
Q

why does a plant cell adjust solutes?

A

to keep itself turgid and allow water to come in until equilibrium is reached

61
Q

what are the three pathways of water into roots?

A

apoplastic pathway
symplastic pathway
cell to cell movement

62
Q

what is the apoplastic pathway?

A

water moves across cortex to endodermis via cell walls and intercellular spaces

63
Q

what is the symplastic pathway?

A

water flows from cytoplasm of one cell to the next via plasmodesmata

64
Q

which pathway is the fastest?

A

apoplastic

65
Q

where do apoplastic pathways end?

A

the casparian stripe

66
Q

what is the casparian strip?

A

a selective barrier for ions

67
Q

where is the casparian strips?

A

in the endoderm of roots

68
Q

what does the casparian strip do?

A

-forces apoplastic water and nutrients into symplast
-ensures all water and solutes pass through a plasma membrane
-restricts solutes from flowing back

69
Q

why do water and solutes have to pass through a plamsa membrane?

A

in order to regulate the ions that pass into vascular tissue

70
Q

what type of anatomy contributes to cohesion-tension forces?

A

leaf anatomy

71
Q

where may cohesion-tension mechanism reach its physical limit?

A

in the tallest trees

72
Q

what is transpiration?

A

evaporation of water out of plants

73
Q

what are traits of cohesion-tension mechanisms of water transport?

A

-evaporation from mesophyll walls
-replacement by cohesion (H-bonded) water in xylem
-tension, negative pressure gradient, adhesion of water to xylem walls adds to tension

74
Q
A
74
Q
A
74
Q

what is cohesion-tension mechanism of water transport driven by?

A

transpiration

75
Q
A

bio 371 (3 decks)

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