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RUSSIA - ALEVEL > THEME 3 - CONTROL OF THE PEOPLE > Flashcards

THEME 3 - CONTROL OF THE PEOPLE Flashcards

1
Q

How did lenin view the media

A

As a key way of advancing the revolution and ensuring communist control

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2
Q

Decree on press - Nov 1917

A

gave govt power to close any newspapers that supported counter-revolution

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3
Q

State monopoly of advertising

A

Nov 1917 - ensured that only the govt could publish adverts

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4
Q

Nationalisation of Petrograd Telegraph Agency

A

Nov - gave the government control of electronic means of communication

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5
Q

Revolutionary Tribunal of the press

A

Jan 1918 - power to censor the press and any journalist who committed crimes against the people could be arrested by checka

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6
Q

All Russian telegraph agency

A

1925 - solely responsible for distributing news

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7
Q

By when had Lenin banned all opposition socialist newspapers ?

A

1918 - also banned papers supporting tsar and PG

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8
Q

How many newspapers had been banned by 1921?

A

200 newspapers and 575 printing presses - made easier under war communism because it allowed govt to control stocks of paper

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9
Q

Highest selling newspaper

A

PRAVDA (communist party newspaper) - also Izvestia (soviet newspaper)

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10
Q

CULT OF LENIN - ESTABLISHED POWER OF CP

A

Disliked by Lenin as didn’t back marxist views but understood that it gave the communist party/revolution a face that people could follow - promoted by members of govt - using Lenin as medium of propaganda Jan ‘18 - Aug - GOD LIKE FIGURE - LEADERS REFERRED BACK TO LENIN TO LEGITIMISE THEIR ACTIONS

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11
Q

Attempted assassination on Lenin

A

30th August 1918 - survived and viewed as modern day christ

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12
Q

Why did the cult of Lenin develop

A
  • older communists believed that peasants needed a simple message
  • believed they should use techniques promoted by Orthodox church
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13
Q

COL in cicvil war

A

scarce resources but still statues and photos of Lenin produced

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14
Q

Media under Lenin

A
  • govt collaborated with avant-garde artists to produce posters promoting revolution
  • 1922 Felix Dzerzhinsky introduced Glavit = organisation that saw a systematic approach to censorship - GPU put in charge of policing every publication in USSR
  • professional censors employed
  • all books investigated for anticommunist bias and GPU compiled list of banned books - libraries purged
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15
Q

Media under Stalin

A
  • 1930s works of Kamenev, Zinoviev and Trotsky purged
  • Lenins work edited to remove any complimentary statements about Stalins opponents
  • soviet history rewritten to emphasise Stalins role in revolution
  • 1928 glavit controlled access to economic data and restrictions placed on what media could publish - could not publish suicides etc
  • PROPAGANDA OF STALIN
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16
Q

Media under Khrushchev

A
  • govt got consumer magazines to publish letters in aim to improve consumer goods - often resulted in criticism of quality of goods
  • e.g Rabotnista (woman worker) wrote letters that expressed problems around domestic violence, drunken behaviour and inequalities in the home - govt focused on lack of devotion of men to communism
  • cinema based around traditional themes e.g WW2 but instead of focusing on Stalin they focused on commitment of the people -“ballad of a solider” (1959)
  • 1960-64 tv successful in supporting regime e.g space race shown - 1961 1million watched 5hr documentary on Yuri Gagarin’s space flight
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17
Q

Media under Brezhnev

A
  • tv focused on old culture eg WW2 but also life of working class
  • govt kept extent of Afghan war hidden from public with censorship
  • govt ensured Brezhnev speeches were transmitted and he was centre of domestic coverage (1970s backfired a she became unwell - unable to speak)
  • western magazines available e.g vogue
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18
Q

Conclusion of control of media

A
  • v important during Lenin era as allowed govt to consolidate power
  • stalin era focus on propaganda made him appear god like
  • Khrushchev more focus on the ordinary person
  • Brezhnev - control of media limited as people abel to buy western magazines which undermined foundations of soviet society - exposed inequality in the system
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19
Q

Cult of Stalin (1928-54) - CONSOLIDATED POWER OF CP

A
  • myth of two leaders led people to believe that Stalin equally responsible for oct rev ; publication 1938 of two histories of communist party censored, socialist realist paintings created showing Stalin and lenin together, trotsky removed from photos with lenin
  • paintings depicted Stalin as next revolutionary leader - LENINS HEIR e.g Grigory Shegal’s “leader, teacher, friend”
  • Stalin known as Vozhd (leader) - his birthday was a national holiday with parades
  • after WW2 cult changed and stalin said to be military genius -depicted in pictures via white uniform connoting military success
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20
Q

Cult of Khrushchev

A
  • revived cult of Lenin - slogan “lenin lives” - Destalinisation
  • established his own cult which he said was disciple of lenin - responsible for space race and hero of WW2
  • failure of virgin land scheme and corn campaign meant khrushchev was associated with failure elevated by fact USSR were behind USA in production
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21
Q

Cult of Brezhnev

A
  • cult based around Stalin
  • 1964 cult of personality was pragmatic and was needed for political reasons
  • Brezhnev depicted as great Leninist, a military hero (promoted to marshal of red army + received 60 medals), dedicated to detente, man of the people
  • promoted his cult through festivals e.g 50th anniversary of rev
  • CULT WAS FLAWED - veterans of WWII hated exaggeration of Brezhnev’s role - size of red army meant ppl found his desire for peace laughable - cult of Stalin created atmosphere of fear whereas Brezhnev’s was mocked and provoked cynicism - allowed jokes to be made of him
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22
Q

Why did lenin hat the orthodox church

A

It was an ally of the Tsar and extremely rich - CP was suspicious of church because religious values contradicted communist values - religious groups were independent of communism so could easily organise opposition

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23
Q

religion under lenin (church)

A
  • October 1917 Decree on Land gave the peasants the right to seize land from the Church
  • January 1918 Separation of the Church and State and Church and School meant that the Church lost its privilege place in society. Church land and property was nationalised and religious teachings in school was banned
  • January 1922 Soviet Constitution freedom of conscience for Soviet people, right was given but Soviet courts lacked the power to force the government to accept people’s religious views.
  • November 1918 Orthodox priests were murdered by the Cheka and by 1920 the priests had been killed
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24
Q

church and terror

A
  • November 1917 Archpriest Ivan Kochurov was murdered
  • January 1918 Metropolitan Vladmir was tortured and shot
  • January 1919 Orthodox priests were murdered after the Church decree excommunicating the Bolsheviks
  • Catholic priests were treated differently because they had been a persecuted minority- they were deported and executions began during the Civil War
  • Civil War 1921 Church property was seized to fund famine relief
  • The League of the Militant Godless 1925- took peasants up in airplanes to show them there was no God
25
Q

Religion in 1920s

A
  • Established the Living Church 1922 which claimed to be a reformed version of the Orthodox Church and withdrew power from the Orthodox Church
  • April 1923 organised a national congress which gave power to ordinary people
  • HOWEVER- the leader of the Living Church Archbishop Vedenskii debated science and religion with Lunacharsky and gained support that science could not disprove God. These were stopped in 1925
  • The policy of splitting the Church was successful but the Church split did not diminish Church growth nor the belief in God
26
Q

Islam (lenin)

A
  • Decree Separating the Church and State and Church and School January 1918 had been originally to seize property of the waafs, but this was reversed and the waafs continued to fund Muslim schools and CP leaders encouraged Muslims to join the CP - there was no link between Islam and Tsarism
  • 1920s campaign against islam as they were said to encourage ‘crimes based on custom’ e.g infringing upon womens rights - also knew islam had support of asia
  • closed mosques
  • discouraged pilgrimages
  • attacked islamic shrines
  • campaigns against women in the chador
  • anti-islamic museums near holy places
27
Q

Religion under Stalin

A
  • ordered closure of many churches during collectivisation
  • NKVD purged priests of islamic faith
  • attacked groups that were protecting islam from ‘marxist pollution’ e.g sufi groups which were destroyed by 1936but traditions still practised
28
Q

religion during war (stalin)

A

-wanted to appeal to patriotism of Russian citizens so supported the church
-church provided comfort for bereaved families and soldiers found comfort in god
-communist publications against religion closed
metropolitan sergey was given residence in moscow
-Stalin said he would end censorship of religious magazines
-414 churches reopened

29
Q

Religion under Khrushchev

A
  • much more aggressive towards the church because going to church was a form of resistance and the church began to prophesy that the USSR would fall within a generation
  • churches reopened in WW11 shut
  • anti-religious propaganda reintroduced
  • anti-religious magazines produced e.g science ‘60
  • roman catholic monasteries shut ‘59
  • orthodox converts surveyed
  • people refused access to their holy sites
  • campaigns targeted women as 80% of church goers were female and they would pass on beliefs to children - greater push for men to be main educators of kids
  • nuns targeted for not carrying out their natural duty
  • teachers expected to convey anti-religious message
30
Q

successes of Khrushchev’s religious reforms

A

-KGB closed down thousands of churches and reduced no. of church buildings from 8000 in 1958 to 5000 in 1964 - BUT some women refused and organised campaigns to protect their religious freedoms and some took their kids out of school to protect them from anti-religious teachings - NEW WAVE OF DISSIDENTS 1960-70

31
Q

Religion under Brezhnev

A
  • ended Khrushchev’s anti-religious message
  • he spread atheism rather than attacking religion
  • 1968 opened institute for scientific atheism
  • Brezhnev need support from middl east and so supported anti-American islamic groups
  • said islam was a “progressive, anti colonial and revolutionary creed”
  • established spiritual board of muslims of central Asia and Kazakstan - meant muslim leaders of USSR would have limited contact with the muslims
  • didn’t change religious attitudes - 20% from 1960-85 still religious
32
Q

Secret police under Lenin

A

-knew terror was an essential part of maintaining political control but only as temporary measure

  • Checka headed by FELIX DZERZHINSKY 1917-26 :
  • attacked counter revolutionaries, capitalist enemies and the socialists e.g jan ‘18 when constitutional assembly shut
  • ‘dispensed revolutionary justice’ and not held back by laws
33
Q

Role of Felix Dzer.

A
  • helped requisition grain from peasants during war communism
  • closed down opposition newspapers
  • used violence against enemies - crucified priests
  • supported red army attacks on Kronstadt
  • ran concentration camps
  • stopped private trading
  • aug. 1922 organised trial of socialist revolutionary party leaders - all sentenced to death
34
Q

Terror during NEP

A
  • tsarist officials monitored
  • intellectuals monitored
  • GPU reported back to central committee any sites of disorderly behaviour
  • imprisoned nepmen
35
Q

NKVD under Yagoda

A
  • Appointed head in July 1934
  • Yagoda was a disappointment to Stalin. He organised the arrests of Zinoviev and Kamenev but Stalin wanted to use the opportunity of Kirov’s murder in 1934 to move against Trotsky and Bukharin’s supporters. Blamed for the slow progress of the terror
  • The scale of the terror between 1935-1936 was not as extreme as Stalin wanted
  • BUT- he collaborated with Stalin to get the NKVD to turn against the CP
36
Q

NKVD under Yezhov

A
  • strongly enforced terror
  • Stalin set targets for arrests, executions and deportations
  • 1937 NKVD was purged because many NKVD agents were loyal to communism thus Stalins opponents
  • new NKVD agents recruited - no ideological opposition or loyalty to party
  • introduced conveyor belt system where NKVD victims would be constantly tortured
  • Trial of 16 - 1936 = Zinoviev, Kamenev
  • Trail of 17 - 1937 = trotsky supporters
  • Trial of 21- 1938 - Bukharin supporters
  • July 1937 orders Gulag to be used more
  • trails sped up - sept 1937 Troika processed 231 prisoners per day
  • surveillance of general public became more prominent - eg officers in plain clothing
37
Q

Yezhovshchina (period of intense purge)

A
  • Under Yezhov, terror attacked all elements of Soviet life
  • 1937-38 Donald Rayfield calls a ‘blood bath’
  • 1.5 million (10% of the adult men) were arrested
  • 635,000 were deported to Siberia and 680,0000 were executed
  • Urban educated men between 30-40 were arrested because they were a threat to Stalin
  • Manual men and women were less likely to be arrested because they weren’t a threat to Stalin
  • 95% that were targeted were men and only 5% were women
38
Q

Local initiatives under Yezhov

A
  • Terror expanded and accelerated partly due to popular participation
  • NKVD agents demanded higher targets
  • Workers and peasants organised their own show trials
  • Government employees and factory managers were arrested by groups of citizens
  • Kazan- Communist officials were publically trialled for misusing government funds, they were found guilty and handed over to the NKVD
39
Q

Consequences of terror under Stalin

A
  • Personal rule- Stalin came out stronger and he had removed everyone that was a potential threat. Could replace these people with loyal supporters
  • Economic- he had executed factory managers and economic advisors which affected the command economy (all power centralised at the centre)
  • Yezhov and Yagoda- Yagoda was trialled as part of the Trial of 21 1938 & Yezhov was shot with over 300 of his closest associates in 1940. Yezhov said that his only crime was “not killing enough Russians”
40
Q

NKVD under Beria

A
  • head of secret police in nov 1938

- responsible for murder of Trotsky in 1940 and arrest of Yezhov in 1939

41
Q

NKVD WW2 (Beria)

A
  • 1942- Beria organised mass deportations of the Kalmyks to Siberia because Stalin feared they were going to allow German invasion. 1953- 53,000 out of 130,000 survived the brutal conditions in Siberia
  • 1944- Beria ordered the deportation of 460,000 Chechens from Chechnya to Siberia. Any people who refused were locked in stables and burnt alive. 170,000 dead.
  • SMERSH- dealt with suspected spies during the war and was probably part of the Katyn Massacre in 1943 where 4000 Polish officers were murdered
42
Q

NKVD after WW2

A
  • 1945- NKVD interrogated 1.5 million prisoners of war because Stalin believed they were traitors because they had been arrested and not fought
  • Leningrad Affair 1949- Stalin launched a purge against officials in Leningrad because Stalin said they acted independently as if they were “an island in the pacific”. 200 party members arrested and forced to confess their crimes
  • Doctor’s Plot 1953- Stalin’s medical staff were arrested because he thought they were trying to poison him, but this was probably due to his own anti-Semitism
43
Q

Death of Beria and removal from secret police

A
  • Politburo tightened control over the KGB
  • Khrushchev dismantled the gulag and forced labour system
  • Lubyanka (biggest Soviet prison and office) never was a prison
  • No further use of the secret police against the party
  • Beria was arrested in 1953 and shot for terror and treason
44
Q

How did Andropov suppress dissidents

A
  • Under K people in the KGB had limited powers
  • A and B were against the cultural freedom that K had liked as they were conservatives
  • A had not had as much power as Dzerzhinsky and needed to control dissidents without much violence
  • A had wanted to expose corruption but B did not care much about this
45
Q

Andropov’s aims and methods

A

1968 issued order that said ‘ideological sabotage should be combatted’
There was a series of trials by well-known artist that embarrassed the USSR due to other nations’ distress

46
Q

Discipline in KGB

A
  • 1967-70 introduced measures to ensure dissidents could be identified
  • KGB agents not allowed to accept gifts and had to declare financial assets
  • KGB agents whose relatives broke the law were sacked
  • promoted KGB agents from across the whole of the USSR
  • 1967 established Directorate V which dealt with dissidents
47
Q

types of dissidents and emigration

A
  • high profile dissidents allowed to leave the USSR (100000 trouble makers)
  • Refuseniks - Jews who wanted to leave USSR which A allowed by giving exit visas as he thought they were more likely to be dissidents
  • intellectuals
  • nationalists
  • political dissidents
48
Q

Psychiatric hospitals

A
  • The hospitals had been used under Stalin and Khrushchev but was expanded under Andropov
  • Proposed April 1969
  • Anti-Soviet behaviour had been called ‘paranoid reformist delusion’ (mental illness)
  • Sending people to hospitals would attract less attention than sending one to prison, also the prison terms had to come to an end whereas psychiatric treatment could continue indefinitely
  • Used against Protestant Christians and Jehovah’s Witnesses
  • 1970s- delegation of US psychiatrists visited the hospitals where Andrei Snezhnevsky said that the treatment was working well for their patients
49
Q

Why did Andropov change the tact of the KGB to prevention from repression ?

A
  • Stalinist repression was inefficient
  • Belief in the party that socialism was incompatible with repression
  • November 1972- KGB began issuing official warnings and the people that were given warnings were kept under surveillance
  • 70,000 Soviet citizens received a warning
  • The warnings stopped 2000 subversive groups in the 1970s
  • The number of dissidents sent to prison increased from 171 in 1965-70 to 525 in 1968-70
  • Show Trials- 1972 trial of dissidents Yakir and Krasin who ran the samizdat (increased under Khrushchev who allowed the development of consumer goods which led to typewriters) being human rights magazine Chronicle of Current events
50
Q

Example of dissidents ; Sakharov

A
  • Creator of the Hydrogen Bomb.
  • 1962 Sakharov became critical of the damage caused by USSR nuclear test.
  • 1964 campaign against Trofim Lysenko to expel him from the Soviet Association of Scientist and Lysenko was Khrushchev’s favourite scientist.
  • 1968 published his essay Reflections on Progress arguing that the USSR should respect human rights.
  • Essay went international and published on the BBC. Sakharov was respected and so the KGB reduced his right to travel and salary. This backfired because Sakharov gave a full account to the New York Times. By the end 1968 the KGB could not arrest him because his case was so well known
  • 1975- he published My Country and the World, which he won the Nobel Peace Prize for. Sakahrov was refused the right to leave the USSR and was sent to Gorky in internal exile.
51
Q

Example of dissident ; SOLZHENITSY

A

RUSSIAN NATIONALIST AND A DEVOTED MEMBER OF THE RUSSIAN CHURCH. Author of One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich
• 1968- The Gulag Archipelago, smuggled the manuscript to West where it was published.
• He won the Nobel Prize for Literature and his fame meant that the KGB could not arrest him
• Exiled to America 1973

52
Q

Monitoring of Popular Discontent

A
  • Used phone tapping
  • Plain-clothed officers would start anti-Soviet conversations with citizens
  • Intercepting mail
  • Andropov was aware of the corruption of Brezhnev’s government and so implemented a series of authoritarian policies
53
Q

social contract in 1964

A

if the people supported the government then the government in return would give them low food prices and job security

54
Q

KGB reported increase in :

A
  • Alcoholism
  • Poor labour discipline - absenteeism
  • Increased black market
  • Avoidance of military
  • Demand for western goods
  • Falling birth rates
  • Increased church attendance
55
Q

Bolshevik attitudes towards culture

A
  • 1917 party divided over importance of culture - seen as important by Lenin but not as important as class struggle
  • Lenin wanted to keep high up writers on his side so created Commissariat of Enlightenment 1918 to support and encourage writers - writers who were not necessarily communists but sympathised with movement known as ‘fellow travellers’ (disliked by Trotsky)
56
Q

Prolekult

A
  • deliberately attacked high culture but restrictions on it began when too many viewpoints were expressed
  • Promoted by Alexander Bogdanov and Anatoly Lunacharsky - argued that proletarian culture was needed and that art should serve a political and social purpose - “constructivists”
  • emphasis on proletariat
  • smithy magazine about machines
  • festivals promoted culture - 1920 reenactment of storming of winter palace 8000ppl
57
Q

Avant-garde

A
  • Post-world war one, Modernism and Futurism were coined and influencing the art and literature world
  • Mayakovsky (poet) wrote slogans for posters and Kandinsky and Malevich produced experimental works.
  • Mystery Bouffee by Meyerhold was performed in the theatre but was extremely confusing and so was cancelled
  • Eisenstein made Strike
  • Lenin had said how important cinema was
58
Q

The Cultural Revolution

A
  • Way to sweep away bourgeois elements of society during collectivisation and 5YPs.
  • Fellow travellers were removed and replaced by loyal socialist artists.
  • Komosol members used to root out bourgeois elements.
  • Russian association of Proletarian Writers (1925) attacked writers who were being individual by experimenting.
  • promoted the cult of the little man
59
Q

Socialist Realism

A
  • art that presented idealised images of life under soviet rule
  • 1932- the RAPP was closed and the Union of Soviet Writers was opened.
  • If you didn’t conform to socialist realism you would be punished.

ART- no experimentation with form. Art was used to promote the images of the 5YP.

LITERATURE- change from cult of little man to heroes within the party. Used in both high literature and low literature and the low prices of the book and tenfold growth in libraries meant the public could easily get the books. The government controlled who published the books.

MUSIC- 1935- Stalin walked out of Shostakovich’s opera Lady Macbeth of Mstensk because of discordant notes but it was the raunchy bedroom scene. Government preferred military songs and hated jazz and the saxophone was banned in 1940.

ARCHITECTURE- promoted style called Stalinist baroque e.g. Moscow station

FILM- Eisenstein’s October 1927 was used to promote the struggle of the October revolution. Satisfied the government’s desire to present the revolution as a mass movement. Cinema used during WW2 to support patriotism.

RUSSIA - ALEVEL (4 decks)

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