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Biol 371 > Theme 3 > Flashcards

Theme 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What was the first opisitkonta lineage to come to land?

A

Arthropods: inscects, arachnids and myraipods

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2
Q

What are the quaility of Aquitaine animals and environments

A

Water supported the boy
Free flowing gametes
Temps were stable
Easy removal of metabolic waste
Better transmission of sound
Visual range decreased
Energy expendurature on locomotion was increased

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3
Q

Challenges of living in an aquatic environment

A

Water density required more energy for movement
Water has a lower O2 content; increased E on gas exchange to get the same amount of O2 to the body
Heat was removed from the boy very easily

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4
Q

Challenges of the terrestrial environment

A

Threat of desiccation
Being able to withstand the environmental extreams
Conroling water loss via excreation
Reproducing; no broadcast spawning
Locomotion; development of limbs and combatting gravity
Gas exchange

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5
Q

How do terrestrial organisms avoid desiccation?
- reduce water loss?

A

having a waxy cuticle or thick skin
Alternating their behaviour: avoid eating dry food, nocturnal…
Producing concentrated urine through the loop of Henley

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6
Q

How do terrestrial rag I smell avoid desiccation?
-replacing water

A

Eat and drink high water content foods
-50% of water comes from diet
Production of metabolic water
- when water is scarce

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7
Q

What is Aestivation: what species does this?

A

Desiccation tolerance
A state of dormancy which is used to slow the metabolism, conserve water and protect themselves from infection
- commonly forms cocoons
- lungfish do this!

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8
Q

What is parthenogenesis

A

A desiccation tolerance mechanism
When environment is stable regular (asexual) reprodcution takes place (egg is fertile and hatch w/o males
When environment is unstable, the female egg is converted into a male egg (if not fertilized). The sperm in the mail egg them fertilizes the female and makes a resistant zygote, until conditions are stable

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9
Q

What are the outcomes of temperature extremes?

A

Damage to proteins. (Dentures or ice crystal formation)

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10
Q

How do pigs deal with temp extremes

A

Thermoregulation and behaviour: sweating, hibernation development life cycle stages
Freeze avoidance: super cooling, generating a lower freezing point

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11
Q

How are reproductive structures protected from desiccation?

A

Gametes: require internal fertilization through finding a mate
Embryo: either a thick covering on the egg. Note Amniotes will develop their embryo in a fluid

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12
Q

Why is excretion a challenge

A

Terrestrial Mina’s have limited water supply. Need to remove waste with minimal water loss.

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13
Q

How does water affect the respiratory system?

A

Aquatic organisms, gases come dissolved in water. Gas exchange is slower in water (30x lower [O2])
Water is very dense and viscous, TF more E is required to move it over the exchange area

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14
Q

How do the properties of air affect the respiratory system
What is needed by the respiratory system to allow for the breathing of aid

A

Low E is required due t airs low density and high [O2]
More E is needed to emilminate CO2 from the body
Exchange centre must be moist to allow for gas dissolution; this is why lungs are inside the body, to reduce water loss

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15
Q

What are the adaptations (structures) that allow animals to breathe air

A

Many orgs can’t do exchange via diffusion (SA:V)
Developer the tracheal system and lungs that operate via positive or negative pressure

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16
Q

Which multicellular organisms can preform gas exchange via diffusion

A

Very thin and flat organisms

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17
Q

What are the adaptions that allow orgs to smell

A

Molecular compounds must be dissolved in water.
Develope nasal passages lined with hairs and nasal pores
Moles travel through the pores and fluid to bind to receptors (olfactory)

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18
Q

What do chemosensory structures do?

A

Dissolve and dour and allow it to transmit a signal to the Brain
Translate information for them air in to a liquid body

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19
Q

What adaptations were used to detect sound?

A

Mechanosensors
- tympanum organ
-allows for the detection of vibrations as air waves are translated into fluid waves on the other side of the eardrum

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20
Q

What are the ear structures that allow for hearing?

A

In order:
Malleus>Incus>stapes
These bones take air waves and amplify them into the semicircular cananals which are moved via liquid tot eh auditory nerve

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21
Q

Where did ear bones come from?

A

Areas of the jaw
-reptiles only have 1 ear one, the other two were anchored in the pups and lower jaw
- humans have 3

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22
Q

What adaptations were made to allow for light sense in on land?

A

Increased eye size; dramatic affect on land
-million fold increase
Eyes tripled in size and shifted to the top of the head; very predominant on predators

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23
Q

What are the terrestrial adaptation animals used to support body weight? (4 s)

A

SA:V relationship
Robust skeleton
Stance
Size (of bones?)

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24
Q

Describe the SA to volume relationship

A

A= size ^2= how much weight can be supported
V= size ^3 and determines the metabolic need for the animal/ weight of the animal
Overall the SA:V decrease as the org increases in size. This is why internal structures that inc SA where adapted

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25
Q

What happens to the SA: V if animals grow proportionally?

A

SA:V increases disproportionally to the inc body size

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26
Q

How does the skeleton response to increased mass

A

Bones thicken and become more dense
Rib cage encloses to protect the lungs and heart
The spine becomes more robust to attach and suport the pelvic floor

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27
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

the condition of being in ‘one state’ or balancing an internal environment

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28
Q

why is Homeostasis important?

A

Assists in the regulation of reactions that depend on stable temps, pH, water, and pressure
- biochemical pathways operate only in a very narrow range of conditions, otherwise they are not efficient

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29
Q

what is a set point?

A

an internal ideal; regulated by negative feedback loops

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30
Q

why would homeostasis differ for cell to cell?

A

it depends on the cell environment and the function of the cell. In general homesosists works to protect internal cells

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31
Q

osmoreceptors

A

sensory receptors in the hypothalamus that regulate the internal osmotic environment of an organism’s base on changes of osmotic pressure

32
Q

what are the three mechanisms involved in osmoregulation?

A

bulk flow
diffusion; movement of solutes across short distances
osmosis and water potential`

33
Q

describe osmotic potential vs osmotic pressure

A

potential refers to the movement of water is related to [solute]. High potential refers to hypertonic solutions, where water will leave the low [solute] to balance an area of high [solute].
Low potential refers to hypotonic solutions, water does not want to move.

pressure refers to the force required to push water into the system. Areas with high solute require lots of pressure to push the water out. areas with low solute require little pressure to push water out

34
Q

how does the osmotic potenital differ between fresh water or salt water

A

freshwater has a high potential and will flow into aquatic organisms or plants with ease. Organisms have a high [solute] in relation to their surroundings
cells will swell

35
Q

Osmoconformers

A

adjust their internal osmotic environment (extracellular fluid) to match their environment

36
Q

osmoregulators

A

adjust the osmotic strength of the extracellular fluid to match that of the cell. this concentration will be different from the external environment as a tool to protect the cell

37
Q

how do orgs respond to the challenge of water loss?
-terrestiral and marine

A

this is common in terrestrial animals and marine (saltwater) mammals.
to retain water, these orgs produce very concentrated urine.
-aquatic orgs will have a low osmotic potential in their body as they wish to draw water in and pumps to remove injected salt.

38
Q

how do cells respond to water gain?
-fresh water aquatic

A

these bodies tend to be hypoosmotic. In relation to its surrounding, these org have. very high solute concentration in their body. Water is rarely ingested has it will flow through their body. they produce very dilute and large amount of urine to combat this

39
Q

how do terrestrial org response to the osmotic environment

A

they lose water and need to actively injest it. To conserve water they make concentrated urine

40
Q

how to marine orgs reposond to thier osmotic envrion

A

the enviroments are hyperosmotic in relation to the orgnaims. This means there is a high [solute] in the water and water flows out of the organism. the pump salt out and make concentrated urine

41
Q

what happens during excretion?

A

filtration- all ions water and wastes are filtered through into tubule
reabsorption (selective); important ions and water are reabsorbed to maintain blood [] and pH
secretion: the selective removal of excess waste- removed via urine

42
Q

what type of membrane occurs at the reabsorption stage?

A

water permeable. this is where slutioes, sugars and water are taken back into the blood stream

43
Q

what type of membrane occurs and the secretion stage

A

water impermeable. here the blood has a high water concentration but we wish to keep it that way. instead, the membrane only allows for excess or unwanted solutes to pass into the blood

44
Q

what does Na+ exchange with during excretion

A

amonium (NH4+)

45
Q

what are the method terrestrial animals use to osmoregulate

A

consume water via drinking or eating
produce metabolic water
create concentrated urine
seek shade during hot spells

46
Q

what is a open circulatory system?

A

where blood flows through a vessel (pumped by muscular walls) and the blood is dispersed and in direct contact with the interstitial fluid.
generally a component of a slower metabolism of smaller animals

47
Q

what is an closed circulatory system?

A

where blood flows through an enclosed blood vessel (pumped by the heart) and nutrients diffuse through the vessel into the extracellular fluid where cells absorb the nutrients

Interstitial fluid is separate

high metabolism and larger animals

48
Q

what is transported during circulation?

A

Hormones
heat
gases
solutes
waste

49
Q

what are the components of extracellular fluid?

A

plasma- has ions, gases and proteins
Erythrocytes- resp pigments (hemoglobin)
Leukocytes - immune cells (WBC)
platelets function in clotting

50
Q

what is ohms law? What system does this pertain to?

A

flow= pressure/ resistance

the equation related to the maintenance of bulk flow by the heart in spite of resistance. more resistance with less pressure = less flow of blood, commonly when returning to the heart

51
Q

what are the three types of blood vessels

A

arteries - fluid away from the heart
veins- fluid back to the heart
capillaries - gas and nutrient exchange between tissue and blood

52
Q

single circuit blood flow

A

a system with 1 pump, 1 valve and 1 atrium
heart pumps deoxy blood to gill capillaries where blood is oxy where gasses and nutrients diffuse into tissue via systemic capillaries
Common in fish

53
Q

double circuit blood flow

A

the heart has 4 chambers and 2 pumps
Deoxy blood is pumped by heat to lung capill, oxy blood flow back to heart, the heart pumps oxy blood to the body where gas and nutrients go into tissues via systemic capill, deoxy blood is returned to heart
Common in Birds and Mammals
Increases metabolism

54
Q

variable circuit blood flow

A

the heart has 2 atriums and 1 ventricle
the ventricle received both oxy and deoxy blood. The mid blood is pumped out of ventricle to lung capplils to be returned to the heart OR mid blood is pumped from the ventricle to the body and exchange nut and gas with tissue via systemic capillaries and dexoy is returned to the ventricle

55
Q

how is gas exchange achieved by the body?

A

A mixture of bulk flow and diffusion
-breathing= bluk flow of gas in or out
-dissusion= gas moves across the alvioloi membrane in the lungs in or out of the blood
-gases move by bukl flow
-gases are exchanged via diffusion between tissues (cells and ECF) and blood

56
Q

The main feature of gas exchange structures in large orgs

A

-SA of structure is proportional to the mass and metabolic rate of the organism
-large orgs =inc SA to compensate for metabolism
-moist so gas can dissolve
very thin so gas only travels short distance (applies to blood vessels too: very small and thin to inc SA)

57
Q

pattern of gas exchange: countercurrent

A

in gills
where O2 rich water will flow through the gills in the opposite direction that the blood in flowing through the capills. This promotes a constant rate of gas exchange
this is able to maintain a steady {O2} in the blood

58
Q

pattern of gas exchange: crosscurrent

A

birds
where blood flow through the cappils is perpendicular(90 degrees) to the direction of air through the lungs.

59
Q

pattern of gas exchange: uniform pool

A
60
Q

what is the importance of regulating ph

A

pH has a primal impact on proteins and cell processes
the wrong pH can:
-alter charge
-affect enzymatic activity

61
Q

what is the pH of humans ECF

A

7.4 (6.8-7.7)

62
Q

Carbonic acid reaction, what does it do?

A

CO2 + H2O <>H2CO3<>HCO3- + H+
-this rxn is used to regualte the acidiyd of the ECT and the blood through the production of H+ (acidic ions)

63
Q

Buffering systems and their role

A

Regulate the pH lvl
in a respiration envrionemt these buffers work very fast
in terms of excretion it works progressively (hours to days)

64
Q

what are the three systems that regulate PH

A

Circulatory
excretion
buffers

65
Q

how does the respiratory system regulate pH?

A

when exercising we dec pH, so inc ventilation and breathing inc CO2 which promotes the production of H+ to lower pH fast

66
Q

Acidosis vs alkalosis

A

acid= dec pH and alkyl=inc pH

67
Q

how does excretion regulate pH?

A
68
Q

how to increase the rate of diffusion

A

DA=dC/dX
-increase surface area
decrease membrane thickness(x)
increase the conc gradicent (c)

69
Q

what is in the plasma

A

water, ions and protines

70
Q

what is in the erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

71
Q

what is in leukocytes

A

white blood cells

72
Q

how does the location of cells dictate their function?

A

cells in diffrenet envrionments play differnet roles. external (external or internal-external) cells are commonly equipped for a rapid turnover cycle and work to protect against their external environment
internal cells work in completing biochemical pathways necessary for life. they commonly are sessile and how protected/ regulated via homeostasis.

73
Q

blood vs extracellular fluid

A

blood is only found within blood vessles while extracellular fluid is ‘blood’ but our of the blood vessels (in a open chamber)

73
Q

blood vs extracellular fluid

A

blood is only found within blood vessles while extracellular fluid is ‘blood’ but our of the blood vessels (in a open chamber)

74
Q

What does is the equivalent to a low osmotic pressure

A

A high osmotic potential

75
Q

What is the equivalent to a low osmotic potential

A

A high solute pressure in an animal

76
Q

What system does ficks law pertain to. What is the equation?

A

Diffusion rate of the excretory system

Rate= DA dC/dX

A=sa
C = concentration of solute
X = distance (thickness of Elmer and) it’s required to travel through: across

Biol 371 (4 decks)

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