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204 Musculoskeletal & Immune Systems > Theme 2 - The Musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

Theme 2 - The Musculoskeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

What bones make up the pectoral girdle?

A

Scapula and clavicle

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2
Q

How many bones are there in the hand and what type?

A

Carpal x8
Metacarpal x5
Phalanges x14

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3
Q

Apply the following labels to the humerus

A 
Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Deltoid tuberosity
Intertubular sulcus/bicipotal groove
Lateral epicondyle
Medial epicondyle
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4
Q

Apply the following labels to the scapula

A 
Spine 
Superior angle
Inferior angle
Coracoid
Acromion
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5
Q

Apply the following labels to the radius and ulna

A

Heads
Styliod processes
Tuberosities
Olecranon

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6
Q

What are the 5 joints of the wrist and hand?

A 
radiocarpal
midcarpal
carpometacarpal
metacarpalpharlageal 
interphalangeal
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7
Q

Excluding the wrist and hand what are the other main upper limb joints?

A

glenohumeral

elbow

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8
Q

From where do the flexor muscles of the wrist and digits originate?

A

Medial epicondyle

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9
Q

From where do the extensor muscles of the wrist and digits originate?

A

Lateral epicondyle

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10
Q

What are the two types of curves in the spine and at what point do they develop?

A

Kyphoses - Fetal

Lordoses - Childhood

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11
Q

What are the 3 ligaments in the spinal column?

A

Anterior longitudional ligament
Posterior longitudional ligament
Ligamentum flava

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12
Q

What ligament of the vertebral column resists hyperextension and what is the clinical significance of this ?

A

anterior longitudional

This is what’s injured during whiplash

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13
Q

What are the two components of the intervertebral discs ?

A

Nucleus pulposus

Annulus fibrosus

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14
Q

What are facet joints?

A

Joints between vertebral arches

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15
Q

What does the type of movement of the facet joints depend on?

A

Angle of the joint

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16
Q

What are the two divisions of the muscles of the back and what to they broadly do?

A

Intrinsic - posture vertebral comumn

extrinsic - move upper limbs and ribs

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17
Q

Origin of latissimus dorsi? 3

A

Thoracolumbar fascia

Spinous processes of lower 6 T

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18
Q

Insertion and function of lattissimus dorsi?

A

Bicipital groove - Adduction and medial rotation

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19
Q

Origin of trapezius? 2

A

Occipital protuberance

Spinous processes CVII - TXII

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20
Q

What are the 3 sections of Trapezius and what do they insert into?

A

Upper - Clavicle
Middle - Acromion
Lower - Spine of scapula

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21
Q

Function of trapezius?

A

rotates scapula

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22
Q

What muscles are responsible for elevating and retracting the scapula?

A

Levator scapulae

Rhomboids

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23
Q

What are the 3 layers of deep muscle in the back?

A

Splenius - most superficial (in neck)
Erector Spinae - main group
Multifidus - deepest

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24
Q

What are the 3 muscle blocks of erector spinae and from where do they originate?

A

Spinales -
Longissimus
Iliocostalis

Erector Spinae aponeurosis

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25
Q

What are the 3 muscle blocks of erector spinae and from where do they insert?

A

Spinales - spinous processes
Longissimus - transverse processes
Iliocostalis - ribs

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26
Q

From what do muiltifidous origionate and then insert?

A

Transverse processes to spinous processes

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27
Q

What is the nerve supply of the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles?

A

Extrinsic - anterior primary ramus

Intrinsic - posterior primary ramus

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28
Q

What stem artery supplies the upper limb?

A

Subclavian

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29
Q

What muscle divides the subclavian artery and into how many partys

A

Scalenus anterior -3

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30
Q

What comes of the 1st/2nd/3rd parts of the subclavian arteries?

A

1st - Thyrocervical - scapular

3rd - Dorsal scapular artery

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31
Q

Where does the subclavian artery end and what does it become?

A

As it crosses the border of the first rib

axillary artery

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32
Q

What divides the axillary artery and into how many parts?

A

Pec minor - 3

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33
Q

Where does the axillary artery end and what does it become?

A

Boreder of teres major - brachial artery

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34
Q

What significant 2 arteries emerges from the axillary artery and from what section?

A

3 - subscapular

ant/post circumflex humoral

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35
Q

What is at risk following a fracture to the neck of the humerus?

A

ant/post circumflex humoral artery

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36
Q

Where does the brachial artery divide and what does it become?

A

cubital fossa

radial and ulna artery

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37
Q

What branch of the brachial artery supplies the extensor muscles?

A

Profunda brachii

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38
Q

What nerve accompanies the profunda brachii artery in the spiral groove?

A

radial nerve

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39
Q

Two arteries run down the forearm, what are they and which way around?

A

Lateral - radial

Medial - ulnar

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40
Q

Through what anatomical feature does the radial artery pass and what does it form in the hand?

A

Snuff box

Deep palmer arch

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41
Q

What artery forms the superficial palmar arch

A

Ulnar

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42
Q

What is the venous return in the forearm and what does it drain into?

A

Deep veins - Paired veins, Venae comitantes
Superfical - Cephalic, basilic
Axillary vein

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43
Q

Label the superficial veins

A

Dorsal venous arch
basilic
cephalic
median cubital

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44
Q

Draw the brachial plexus including all supplies

A 
Roots 
Trunks 
Divisions
Cords
Terminal Branches
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45
Q

Sketch the dermatomes of the upper limb?

A

C4. C5, C6, C7, C8, T1, T2

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46
Q

What does altered sensation in a dermatome region indicate?

A

damage to specific spinal nerve of spinal cord segment (i.e. proximal nerve injury)

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47
Q

Draw the cutaneous innervation by the terminal branches

A 
axillary
radial
musculocutaneous 
medial cutaneous
ulnar
median
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48
Q

Label the ligaments of the shoulder joint.

A 
Acromioclavicular
Coracoacromial
Glenohumeral
- Superior
- Middle
- Inferior
Coracoclavicular
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49
Q

Origin, insertion and nerve supply of deltoid

A

Spine of scapula + acromion + clavicle
Deltoid tuberosity
Axillary nerve

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50
Q

Label the elbow joint

A 
Olecranon
Capitulum
Trochlea
Trochlea notch
Radial notch
Head of radius
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51
Q

Label the ligamenets of the elbow

A 
Radial collateralligament
Annular ligament 
Ulnar collateral ligament
Lateral epicondyle 
Medial epicondyle
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52
Q

Label the Cubital fossa

A 
Lateral epicondyle
Brachioradialis
Pronator teres
Lateral cutaneous nerve to the forearm
Brachialis
Brachial artery
Median nerve
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53
Q

Thye median cubital vein is a branch of what vein?

A

Basilic

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54
Q

Label what 4 muscles origionate from the common felxor origin in the forearm?

A

Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris

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55
Q

What clinical condition is associated with the common flexor origin in the forearm?

A

Golfers elbow - epicondylitis at the CFO

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56
Q

Label the intermediate layer of the forearm

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis

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57
Q

Label deel flexor layer of the forearm

A

Flexor pollicis longus

Flexor digitorum profundus

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58
Q

Label superficial extensor muscles

A

Extensor carpi radialis longus/brevis
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor carpi ulnaris

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59
Q

What clinical condition is assocciated with the common extensor origin?

A

Tennis elbow - epicondylitis ot CEO

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60
Q

What is the function of brachioraidilis

A

Flexion when half pronated - beer drinking

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61
Q

Label the deep layer extensor muscles

A 
Supinator
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor indicis
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62
Q

What two muscles are involved in wrist abduction?

A

Flexor carpi radialis

- Extensor carpi radialis (longus + brevis)

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63
Q

What two muscles are involved adduction of the wrist?

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris

- Extensor carpi ulnaris

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64
Q

Label the muscles involved in pronation and supernation

A

Pronator teres
Pronator quadratus
Biceps brachii
Supinator

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65
Q

Label the contents of the carpal tunnel

A

Median nerve
Flexor policis longus
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor digitorum profundus

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66
Q

What is carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Compression of the median nerve

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67
Q

What does the median nerve supply?

A

Motor supply to anterior compartment except FCU/medial part of FDP
Sensory supply to lateral palm + d1, d2, d3, ½ d4

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68
Q

label the carpal bones

A 
Lunate
Scaphoid
Triquetral/triquetrium
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
Pisiform
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69
Q

What is the most common fracture to the carpal bones?

A

Scaphiod fracture

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70
Q

Label the joints of the hand

A 
Saddle joint
Wrist (radiocarpal)
Metacarpal/intercarpal
Carpometacarpal
Metacarpophalangeal
Interphalangeal
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71
Q

What ligaments reinfoce the radiocarpal joint?

A

Ulnar and radial collateral ligaments (limits abduction/adduction)
Ligaments on the palmar/dorsal surfaces (limits extension/flexion)

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72
Q

What movement does the saddle joint enable

A

Opposition

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73
Q

What are the Condylar joints?

A

MCP

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74
Q

What are the hinge joints?

A

Proximal interphalangeal joints

distal interphalangeal joints

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75
Q

What muscle is the palmar aponeurosis continuous with?

A

palmaris longus

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76
Q

What are the flexor tendons in the hand,and which digits do they flex?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis (d2-5)
Flexor digitorum profundus (d2-5)
Flexor pollicis longus (d1)

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77
Q

What prevents bowing of the hand tendons?

A

Flexor retinaculum

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78
Q

To where on the digit does the flexor digitorum profundus attach?

A

base of distal phalanx

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79
Q

To where on the digit does the flexor digitorum superficialis attach?

A

base of middle phalanx

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80
Q

What are the extensor tendons to digits 2-5?

A

Extensor digitorum
Extensor indicis
Extensor digiti minimi

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81
Q

What are the extensor tendons to digit 1?

A

Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Abductor pollicis longus

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82
Q

Label the borders of the anatomical snuffbox

A

Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollicis longus

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83
Q

What artery passes through the anatomical snuffbox?

A

Radial

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84
Q

What bands of the extensor digitoris tendons insert into the middle and distal phalanges?

A 
Medial band (into middle phalanx)
Lateral band (into distal phalanx)
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85
Q

What muscles insert into the extensor hoods?

A

Lumbricals and interossei

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86
Q

What do the lumbrical muscles do?

A

Extend interphalangeal joints and flex MCP joints

- Precision grip (hold pen / pinch)

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87
Q

How many palmar interossei muscles are there and what do they do?

A

3 (no D1 or D3)

Adduct metacarpals

88
Q

How many dorsal interossei muscles are there and what do they do?

A

4 (D2, D3x2, D4)

Abduct metacarpals

89
Q

What do the thenar and hypothenar muscles do?

A

fine movements of the D1 and D5

90
Q

Label the thenar muscles

A

Opponens pollicis
Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis

91
Q

Label the hypothenar muscles

A

Opponens digiti minimi
Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi

92
Q

Label the head, origins and insertions of adductor pollicus

A 
Oblique head
Transverse head
Base 2nd and 3rd metacarpal + carpal bones
3rd metacarpal
Proximal phalanx
93
Q

What artery supplies the DEEP palmar arch and which digits does it supply?

A

radial

1 and 1/2 of 2

94
Q

What artery supplies the SUPERFICIAL palmar arch and which digits does it supply?

A

ulna

1/2 of 2 and 3,4,5

95
Q

What will possibly happen to the hand following injury to the ulnar nerve?

A

Clawed hand

96
Q

Label the pelvis

A 
ASIS
AIIS
Pubis
Ischiopubic ramus
Obturator foramen
Ischial tuberosity
Greater sciatic foramen
Acetabulum
97
Q

Label the femur

A 
Neck
Head
Lesser trochanter
Linea aspera
Gluteal tuberosity
Greater trochanter
Intertrochanteric crest
Lateral/medial condyles
Medial epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
Intertrochanteric line
98
Q

Label the tibia, fibula and foot

A 
Lateral and medial condyles
Tibial tuberosity
Medial malleolus
Lateral malleolus
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
99
Q

From shallow to deep what are the gluteal muscles?

A

Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus

100
Q

How the function of the gluteal muscles differ>

A

maximus extends and medially rotates

medius and minimus abduct and medially rotate

101
Q

What is the origin, insertion and innervation of gluteus maximus?

A

Ilium
gluteal tuberosity/iliotibial tract
Inferior gluteal nerve

102
Q

What is the origin, insertion and innervation of gluteus medius and minumus?

A

Ilium
greater trocanter
superior gluteal nerve

103
Q

What muscle form the equivelant of the rotator cuff in the hip?

A

Piriformis

104
Q

What is the origin, insertion and innervation of piriformis?

A

Sacrum
greater trocanter
sacral plexus

105
Q

What muscles make up the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Quadracepts (VVVR)

Sartorious

106
Q

What muscles make up the quadracepts?

A

Rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis
vastus intermedius

107
Q

label the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh

A 
Rectus femoris
vastus lateralis 
vastus medialis
vastus intermedius
Sartorious
108
Q

What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the quadracepts?

A

AIIS and femus
Tibial tuberosity
femaoral nerve

109
Q

What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the sartorious?

A

ASIS
tibia
femoral artery

110
Q

What muscles make up the hamstrings?

A

Biceps femoris (ong and short head)
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

111
Q

What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the hamstrings?

A

ischial tuberosity
tibia fibula
sciatic nerve

112
Q

Label the medial compartment of the thigh

A 
Pectineus
Adductor Longus
Gracilis
Adductor Brevis
Adductor Magnus
113
Q

What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

pubis and ischium
Linea aspera
obturator nerve

114
Q

One of the medial muscles of the thigh has two parts, which one and what are these?

A

Adductor magnus

adductor part and hamstring part

115
Q

What muscles are involve in flexion of the thigh?

A

Rectus femoris
Sartorius
Iliopsoas

116
Q

What musles are involed in extension of the thigh?

A

Gluteus maximus
Hamstrings
Hamstring part of adductor magnus

117
Q

What muscles are involed in abdcution of the thigh?

A

Gluteus medius

Gluteus minimus

118
Q

What muscles are involved an adduction of the thigh?

A 
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor part of adductor magnus
Pectineus
Gracilis
119
Q

From what plexus the femoral nerve origionate?

A

Lumbar L2-L4

120
Q

From what plexus the obturator nerve origionate?

A

Lumbar L2-L4

121
Q

From what plexus the sciatic nerve origionate?

A

Sacral L4-S3

122
Q

Label the sciatic nerve and its branches

A

Sciatic nerve
Tibial nerve
Sural nerve
Common fibular nerve

123
Q

What does the commun fibula nerve divide into?

A

Superficial fibular

Deep fibular

124
Q

Label the femoral triangle

A 
Femoral nerve
Sartorius
Inguinal ligament
Femoral artery/vein
Adductor longus
125
Q

What are the two “gateways” at either end of the femoral artery?

A

inguinal ligament

adductor hiatus

126
Q

What are the two major superficial veins in the limb?

A

Short and long saphenous vein

127
Q

What does the great spahenous vein dran and where does it lead to?

A

Dorsal medial arch of foot into femoral vein

128
Q

What does the short spahenous vein dran and where does it lead to?

A

dorsal lateral arch of foot into popliteal vein

129
Q

What bony factors help strengthen the knee joint?

A

Bony expansions

  • Locking mechanism
  • Femoral angle
130
Q

What soft tissue factors help strengthen the knee joint?

A

Ligaments

  • Menisci
  • Muscles
131
Q

Label the bony expansions of the knee

A

Femoral condyles
Epicondyles
Intercondylar fossa
Tibial condyles (tibial plateau)

132
Q

What is the puropse of the knee’s locking mechanism?

A

Reduces amount of energy required when extended

133
Q

What is genu varum?

A

Bow legged - Medial displacement of the tibia

134
Q

What is Genu valgum?

A

knock knees - lateral displacement of tibia

135
Q

What are the extracapsular ligaments of the knee?

A

Medial collateral

Lateral collateral

136
Q

What are the intracapsular ligaments of the knee?

A

Anterior cruciate

Posterior cruciate

137
Q

What does the lateral colateral ligamant do?

A

Prevents medial displacement of tibia

138
Q

What does the medial colateral ligamant do?

A

Prevents lateral displacement of tibia

139
Q

What do the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments do?

A

Anterior -Prevents anterior displacement of tibia on femur

Posterior - Prevents posterior displacement of tibia on femur

140
Q

How is the anterior cruciate ligament often injured and what test could you perfom to confirm this?

A

sharp twisting of knee

Lachman test

141
Q

What 3 functions do the menisci perform in the knee?

A

Deepen the articulating surfaces/stability
Shock absorbers
Provides smooth viscous film for joint

142
Q

What do the menisci attach to?

A

intercondylar area of tibia

143
Q

What 3 ligaments is a rugby tackle to the lateral side of the knee likely to damage?

A

ACL
Medial collateral
medial meniscus

144
Q

label the attachment and ligaments of the patella

A 
Quadriceps tendon
Lateral patellar retinaculum 
Medial patellar retinaculum 
Tibial tuberosity 
Patellar ligament
145
Q

What does the patella do?

A

Protects quadriceps tendon from stresses during locomotion

146
Q

What does the popliteus do, how?

A

Unlocks the knee by laterally rotating the femur

147
Q

What are bursae?

A

Synovial fluid filled sac lined by synovial membrane

148
Q

label the bursae

A

Suprapatellar bursa
Prepatellar bursa
Infrapatellar bursa

149
Q

What is Bursitis?

A

Housemaids knee or clergymens knee - Inflammation of bursae
Due to repetitive movements or direct pressure
Leaning forward on the knees brings the prepatellar bursa in contact with floor
back on heels leads to contact with infrapatella

150
Q

Label the bones of the foot

A 
Calcaneus
Talus
Cuboid
Navicular
Cuneiforms
Sesamoid bones
Sustentaculum tali
Calcaneal tuberosity
151
Q

What type of joint is the ankle joint and what movements are there?

A

Synovial hinge joint

Dorsi/plantar flexion

152
Q

What ligaments stabilise the ankle?

A

Lateral ligament – lateral malleolus to talus/calcaneus

Medial/deltoid ligament – medial malleolus to talus/calcaneus/navicular

153
Q

What is the subtalar joint between and what does it do?

A

Between talus and calcaneus (+ navicular)

Allows inversion/eversion during locomotion

154
Q

What movement does the transverse tarsal joint allow?

A

Allows eversion/inversion and pronation/supination

155
Q

What is the function of the arches of the foot? 3

A

Shock absorbers during locomotion
Act as springboards
Distribution of weight

156
Q

What is pes planus?

A

Fallen medial longitudinal arch can lead to pes planus (flat feet)

157
Q

What are the compartments of the lower leg and what muscle supplies them?

A

Anterior - Deep fibular nerve
Posterior - Tibial
Lateral - Superficial fibular nerve

158
Q

Label the anterior compartment of the leg

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus

159
Q

What do the leg anterior compartment leg muscles inser into?

A 
Extensor digitorum longus
- Middle + distal phalanges
Tibialis anterior
- Medial cuneiform + 1st metatarsal
Extensor hallucis longus
- Distal phalanx of great toe
160
Q

Label the superficial posterior compartment of the lower leg

A

Soleus
Plantaris
Tendo calcaneus
Gastrocnemius

161
Q

What is th origin of Gastrocnemius?

A

condyles of femur

162
Q

Origin of plantaris?

A

Femur

163
Q

Origin of soleus?

A

tibia and fibia

164
Q

Label the deep posterior compartment of the lower leg

A

Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis posterior
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor retinaculum

165
Q

Lable the insertion of the porterior compartment leg muscles

A

Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis posterior
Flexor hallucis longus

166
Q

label the lateral compartment of the leg

A

Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis
Fibular retinaculum

167
Q

Label the insertions for the lateral compartment of the leg

A

Fibularis longus

Fibularis brevis

168
Q

Label the long tendons of the foot (lateral)

A 
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Fibular retinaculum
Extensor retinaculum
Fibularis longus/brevis
169
Q

Label the long tendons of the foot (medial)

A 
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Tibialis posterior
Flexor retinaculum
Tibialis anterior
170
Q

label the blood supply to the posterior compartmnt of the leg?

A

Popliteal artery
Anterior tibial artery
Posterior tibial artery
Fibular artery

171
Q

What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the deltoid?

A

Spine of scapula, acromion and clavicle
Deltiod tuberosity
Axillary nerve

172
Q

What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the biceps?

A

Long head - supraglenoid tuberosity
Short - coracoid process
radial tuberosity
Muscocutaneous nerve

173
Q

What are the rotator cuff muscles?

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis

174
Q

The rotator cuff muscles surround the joint on all sides except which side and what is the significance of this?

A

Inferior

Most common dislocation

175
Q

Label the rotator cuff muscles

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis

176
Q

Label the origins of the rotator cuff muscles

A

Supraspinous fossa
Spine
Infraspinous fossa

177
Q

Where do the 3 posterior rotator cuff muscles insert onto?

A

Greater tubercle

178
Q

Origin and insertion of subscapularis?

A

Subscapular fossa and lesser tubercle

179
Q

Label the rotator cuff muscles (slide 23)

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor

180
Q

What is the function of supraspinatus

A

Initiates abduction

181
Q

What is the origin, insertion and innervation of teres major?

A

Inferior angle of scapula
Medial lip of bicipital groove
Lower subscapular

182
Q

Give an example of a common rotator cuff injury

A

Supraspinatus impingement

Common in throwers

183
Q

What cord of the brachial plexus is associated with supply to Subscapularis, teres major and lat dorsi

A

Posterior

184
Q

What forms the borders of the anatomical snuffbox?

A

Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollicis longus
Abductor pollicis longus

185
Q

What disease affects the palmar fascia?

A

Dupuytren’s

186
Q

What causes a trigger finger?

A

Flexor tendon gets caught at A1 pulley

Usually by degenerative nodule

187
Q

4 signs of ulnar nerve damage

A

clawing
wasting hypothenar web spaces
forearm wasting
paradoxical thenar wasting

188
Q

If someone has subacromial impingement where/what movements are going to cause them pain?

A

Abduction and rotation

pain over deltoid

189
Q

Extrinsic and intrinsic causes of subacromial impingement?

A

Extrinsic - bony spurs

Intrinsic - tendonopathy

190
Q

Treatment of subacromial impingement

A

Non-surgical - physio and activity modification

Surgical - subacromial decompression/debridement

191
Q

Which rotator cuff muscles are most likely to tear?

A

supra and infra spinatus

192
Q

Two types of shoulder replacement

A

Anatomic

Reverse

193
Q

Symptoms any typical demographics of frozen shoulder

A

stiffness
loss of passive motion
normal x-ray
Female 40-60 diabetic

194
Q

Treatment of frozen shoulder

A

Non surgical -Natural history 2 years
-hydrodilation
Surgical -Capsular release

195
Q

What horn does the lower motor neuron arise from?

A

Anterior

196
Q

What myotome and movement is associated with each of these roots?
C5, C6, C7, C8, T1

A

C5 - deltoid - abduction
C6 - anterior - elbow flexion
C7 - posterior - elbow extension, wrist flex/ext
C8 - posterior forearm - finger extension and flexion
T1 - intrinsic hand - finger abduction

197
Q

Which nerve roots correspond with the following reflex tests? Biceps, supinator, triceps

A

C5 - biceps
C6 - supinator
C7 - triceps

198
Q

What could cause a nerve root impingement?

A

Herniated disc

199
Q

4 types of nerve injury

A

Avulsion - tear from attachment to spinal cord
Rupture - tear but not on attachment to spinal cord
Neuroma - tumor
Neurapraxia - myelin damage

200
Q

4 types of injury to the brachial plexus

A

Erbs Palsy - babbys on delivery (waiter’s tip)
Pancoasts tumor
Inflammatory - brachial neuritis
Thoratic outlet syndrome

201
Q

What are the tree sires of compression for thoracic outlet syndrome?

A

Between anterior and middle scalene muscles
Beneath clavicle in the costoclarvicular space
Beneath tendon of Pectorlis minor

202
Q

Two types of thoracic outlet syndrome and their symptoms

A

Neurigenic - pain, numbness, parethesia

Vascular - forearm fatige, swelling cyanosis

203
Q

What and muscles are innervated by the median nerve?

A

L ateral 2 lumbricals
O pponens pollicis
A bductor pollicis brevis
F lexor pollicis brevis

204
Q

What is thenar wasting a possible sign of?

A

Carpal tunnel syndrome

205
Q

Possible causes of carpal tunnel syndrome

A 
Diabetes
Pregnancy
Hypothyroidism
Rheumatoid arthritis
Repetitive strain
206
Q

Draw the differences in sensory innervation loss in carpal tunnel vs lesion in forearm

A

Loss of palmar sensation in carpal tunnel

207
Q

Is ulnar clawing more severe when the lesion is proximal or distal?

A

Distal

208
Q

“Saturday night palsy” relates to which nerve?

A

Radial

209
Q

Where is the conus medularis?

A

L1/2

210
Q

Main differences between lesion on conus medularis vs cauda equina>

A

Cauda equina - Pain more severe, asymeteric losses. Bladder and sexual function loss later and less severe.
Conus medularis - Pain less severe, bilateral losses, bladder and sexual function loss earlier and more severe

211
Q

Draw the lumbar plexus

A

L2, L3, L4 - femoral nerve

L4, L5 Obturator

212
Q

Draw the sacral plexus

A

L4 - S3 - Sciatic
L4, L5, S1 - Superior gluteal
S1, S2 - inferior gluteal

213
Q

Draw Posterior leg innervation

A

Sciatic
Sural - medial/lateral
Lateral dorsal cutaneous

214
Q

What does ATOMFC stand for?

A 
A ir Obstruction
T ension pneumothorax	
O pen pneumothorax
M assive haemothorax
F lail chest
C ardiac tamponade
215
Q

Another name for bunions?

A

Hallux Valgus

216
Q

Type of drug that prevents bone loss - up to 3 examples.

A

Bisphosphonates
Allendronate
Zolendronate
dosidium pamidronate

217
Q

Two drugs that treat gout

A

Allopurinol

Colchicine

204 Musculoskeletal & Immune Systems (2 decks)

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