Theme 2 - Part A

Question 1

What 5 kingdoms were organisms traditionally grouped into? What features were used in this classification?

Answer 1

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae

based on:

1. energy intake/nutrition
2. methods of reproduction
3. morphology

Question 2

Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Answer 2

Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles; prokaryotes do not.
On average, eukaryotes are larges than prokaryotes.

Question 3

Why are all prokaryotes small?

Answer 3

The membrane is the total area in which energy production and nutrient/waste exchange can occur in the cell. Since prokaryotes do not have membrane-bound organelles, they cannot sustain a large volume.
Eukaryotes, on the other hand, have a large SA:Volume ratio due to presence of membrane-bound organelles, and can be larger.

Question 4

What would an organism that uses glucose as its carbon source and light as its energy source be called?

Answer 4

photoheterotroph

Question 5

What would an organism that uses sulphur for energy and CO2 as a carbon source be called?

Answer 5

chemolithoautotroph

Question 6

How does phospholipid composition differ between the cell membranes of archaea and eukaryotes&bacteria?

Answer 6

Archaea have ether linkages and isoprene chains

Eukaryotes and bacteria have ester linkages and fatty acid chains

Question 7

How does saturation influence the fluidity of a cell membrane?

Answer 7

Unsaturation results in “kinks” in the phospholipid tails.

The more saturated the phospholipids, the tighter they can pack together and the less fluid the membrane will be.

Question 8

Can charged particles diffuse across the plasma membrane?

Answer 8

NO

Question 9

Can small polar molecules diffuse across to plasma membrane?

Answer 9

somewhat, but slowly

Question 10

Can small non-polar molecules diffuse across the plasma membrane?

Answer 10

YES.

Question 11

What is the function of sterols in the plasma membrane?

Answer 11

aid in fluidity

Question 12

Differentiate between the two types of transport proteins involved in facilitated diffusion.

Answer 12

1. Carriers: passage of larger molecules

2. Channels: passage of small particles, particularly ions (esp. voltage-gated ion channels)

Question 13

How are facilitated diffusion and active transport similar? Different?

Answer 13

1. They both require protein transporters, both display specificity, and both can become saturated.
2. Facilitated diffusion does not require energy expenditure (ATP), while active transport does. Facilitated diffusion occurs across the concentration gradient; active transport occurs against the concentration gradient.

Question 14

What type of transport involves using a previously built of concentration gradient (using ATP) to drive the transport of a different molecule?

Answer 14

secondary active transport

Question 15

Differentiate between symport and antiport.

Answer 15

In symport, the transported solute moves in the same direction as the gradient of the driving ion, while in antiport, it moves in the opposite direction.