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Economics A-Level > Theme 2 Definitions > Flashcards

Theme 2 Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Actual Growth

A

Economic growth measured by changes in real GDP

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2
Q

Aggregate Demand (AD)

A

The total level of demand in an economy at any given price at a moment in time

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3
Q

Aggregate Supply (AS)

A

The total amount of output in the economy at any given price at a moment in time

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4
Q

Animal Spirits

A

Keynesian Concept - The level of confidence of business owners

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5
Q

Balance of Payments

A

A record of all financial dealings over a period of time between economic agents of one country and another

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6
Q

Base Year

A

A year chosen as a good comparison in series of data when building an index; it is automatically given an index figure of 100

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7
Q

Boom

A

The peak of the business cycle, when growth is high

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8
Q

Budget

A

Where the government lays out their spending and taxation plans

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9
Q

Budget Deficit

A

When the government spends more money than it receives

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10
Q

Budget Surplus

A

When the government receives more money than it spends

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11
Q

Circular Flow

A

A model of the economy which shows the flow of goods and services, the factors of production and money around the economy

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12
Q

Claimant Count

A

A measure of unemployment; the number of people receiving benefits for being unemployed

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13
Q

Consumer Price Index (CPI)

A

Official measure used to calculate the rate of inflation, using a weighted basket of goods

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14
Q

Cost Push Inflation

A

Inflation caused by a decrease in AS

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15
Q

Current Account

A

A record of the payments for the purchase and sale of goods and services, as well as income and transfers

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16
Q

Current Account Deficit

A

When more money leaves the country than enters, so the current account is negative

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17
Q

Current Account Surplus

A

When more money enters the country than leaves, so the current account is positive

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18
Q

Cyclical Unemployment

A

Unemployment caused by a lack of AD

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19
Q

Deflation

A

Unemployment caused by a lack of AD

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20
Q

Deflationary Policy

A

Fiscal or monetary policy which is aimed at reducing AD

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21
Q

Demand Pull Inflation

A

Inflation caused by an increase in AD

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22
Q

Depriciation

A

The reduction in the value of machinery/capital overtime

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23
Q

Direct Tax

A

Taxes paid straight to the government by the individual taxpayer

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24
Q

Disinflation

A

A reduction in the rate of inflation

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25
Q

Disposable Income

A

The money consumers have left to spend, after taxes have been taken away and benefits added

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26
Q

Economic Growth

A

An increase in the long term productive potential in the economy; an increase in the amount of goods and services which are produced, measured by an increase in real GDP

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27
Q

Employed

A

Someone who does more than 1 hour of paid work a week or is temporarily away from work, on a government supported training scheme or does a minimum of 15 hours unpaid work for their family business (ILO definition)

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28
Q

Expansionary Policy

A

Fiscal or monetary policy which is aimed at increasing AD

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29
Q

Exports

A

Goods or services sold to foreigners that bring income into the country

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30
Q

Export-Led Growth

A

Economic growth arising from an increase in exports

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31
Q

Fiscal Policy

A

The use of borrowing, government spending and taxation to manipulate the level of AD and improve macroeconomic performance

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32
Q

Frictional Unemployment

A

Unemployment caused when people move between jobs and enter the job market

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33
Q

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

A

The value of goods and services produced in a country over a given period of time

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34
Q

GDP Per Capita

A

a Total GDP divided by the population

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35
Q

Gross Investment

A

Investment both to replace old machinery that has depreciated and to create/buy new ones

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36
Q

Gross Nation Income (GNI)

A

The value of goods and services produced by a country over a period of time plus net overseas interest payments and dividends

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37
Q

Gross National Product (GNP)

A

The value of goods and services produced by citizens of a country, whether they live in the country or not.

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38
Q

Government Spending

A

Spending by the government for the provision of goods and services

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39
Q

Imports

A

Goods and services bought from foreigners that takes income out of the country

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40
Q

Inactive

A

Those neither employed nor unemployed; those not participating in the job market

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41
Q

Income

A

A flow of assets

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42
Q

Index Number

A

Numbers allowing accurate comparisons over time to be made. The base year value is typically 100

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43
Q

Indirect Tax

A

Tax where the person charged with paying the money to the government is able to pass on the cost to someone else

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44
Q

Inflation

A

The general rise in prices of goods and services that erodes the purchasing power of money

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45
Q

Injection

A

Spending power entering the circular flow of income resulting from investment, government spending and exports

46
Q

Interventionist Supply Side Policy

A

Policies designed to correct market failure, where the government intervenes in the market

47
Q

Investment

A

Spending by businesses on capital goods, which leads to the creation of real goods

48
Q

Consumption

A

Consumer spending on goods and services

49
Q

Labour Force Survey

A

A measure of unemployment which surveys people to class them as unemployed, employed or inactive under the International Labour Organisation (ILO) definitions

50
Q

Living Standards

A

The quality of life enjoyed by people in a country

51
Q

Long Run

A

When all factors of production are variable

52
Q

Long Run Aggregate Supply

A

The total output an economy can produce when operating at full output

53
Q

Long Run Trend Growth Rate

A

The average sustainable rate of economic growth over a period of time

54
Q

Marginal Propensity to Consume

A

The proportion of an increase in income spent on consumption
change in consumption divided by
change in income

55
Q

Marginal Propensity to Import

A

The proportion of an increase in income spent on imports

56
Q

Marginal Propensity to Save

A

The proportion of an increase in income that is saved

57
Q

Marginal Propensity to Tax

A

The proportion of an increase in income that is taken away in tax

58
Q

Marginal Propensity to Withdraw

A

The proportion of an increase in income that is withdrawn from the circular flow

59
Q

Market-Based Supply-Side Policies

A

Policies which are designed to remove anything which prevents the free market system working efficiently

60
Q

Monetary Policy

A

The attempts of the central bank/regulatory authority to control the level of AD by altering base interest rates or the amount of money in the
economy

61
Q

Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)

A

9 economists who meet monthly to set the Bank rate as well as other monetary instruments

62
Q

Monetary Supply

A

Stock of money in the economy

63
Q

Multiplier

A

An increase in an injection will lead to an even greater increase of national income
Multiplier (k) = 1/1-MPC = 1/MPW

64
Q

National Expenditure

A

The value of spending by households on goods and services

65
Q

National Income

A

The value of income paid by firms to households in return for land, labour, capital and enterprise

66
Q

National Output

A

The value of the flow of goods and services from firms to households

67
Q

Negative Output Gap

A

When GDP is lower than predicted; the economy is producing below full output

68
Q

Net Exports

A

Exports minus imports

69
Q

Net Investment

A

Investment adjusted for depreciation; gross investment minus depreciation

70
Q

Nominal GDP

A

GDP which does not take inflation into account; GDP at current prices

71
Q

Output Gap

A

The difference between the long term trend rate of growth and actual growth

72
Q

Positive Output Gap

A

When GDP is higher than predicted; the economy is producing above full output

73
Q

Potential Growth

A

A change in the productive potential of the economy

74
Q

Purchasing Power Parity

A

Exchange rate of one currency to another that compares the cost of living in different countries through comparing a typical basket of goods

75
Q

Quantitative Easing

A

When the central banks buys assets in exchange for money in an attempt to increase the money supply

76
Q

Real GDP

A

GDP which strips out the effect of inflation

77
Q

Real Wage Unemployment

A

Unemployment caused when wages are set above the equilibrium wage rate

78
Q

Recession

A

The trough of the business cycle, when growth is low. The government defines it as where real GDP falls in at least two successive quarters

79
Q

Retail Price Index (RPI)

A

An old measure of inflation which has lost its national statistic status

80
Q

Savings

A

The decision by consumers to postpone consumption

81
Q

Seasonal Unemployment

A

Unemployment caused when an industry only operates during certain times of the year

82
Q

Short Run

A

When at least one factor of production is fixed

83
Q

Short Run Aggregate Supply (SRAS)

A

Aggregate supply when at least one factor of production is fixed

84
Q

Short Run Phillips Curve

A

Shows the relationship between unemployment and inflation: higher levels of unemployment lead to lower levels of inflation

85
Q

Structural Unemployment

A

Unemployment caused by the long-term decline of an industry

86
Q

Supply-Side Policies

A

Government policies aimed at increasing the productive potential of the economy and shifting LRAS to the right

87
Q

Total GDP

A

The GDP of the whole country

88
Q

Trade/Business Cycle

A

The tendency of economic growth to rise and fall above and below the trend rate of economic growth, causing booms and busts

89
Q

Underemployment

A

Those who are working part time, on zero hour contracts or on government training schemes but would prefer to be full time or those employed in areas under their skill level e.g. a graduate working at a bar

90
Q

Unemployed

A

Those who are without work, able to start work in the next 2 weeks and have actively sought work for the last 4 weeks (ILO definition)

91
Q

Value of GDP

A

Nominal values of GDP; GDP at current prices

92
Q

Volume of GDP

A

Real values of GDP; the size of the basket of goods

93
Q

Wealth

A

A stock of assets

94
Q

Withdrawal

A

Spending power leaving the circular flow of income resulting from savings, taxation and imports

95
Q

Easterlin Paradox

A

The hypothesis that happiness increases with average incomes, but only up to a point

96
Q

Full Employment

A

A situation where people who are economically active in the workforce and willing and able to work at going wage rates are able to find employment

97
Q

Human Capital

A

The stock of skills and expertise that contribute to a worker’s productivity; it can be increased through education and training

98
Q

Monetary Supply

A

Stock of money in the economy

99
Q

Interventionist Policies

A

Policies by which the government intervenes to stimulate aggregate supply

100
Q

Involuntary Unemployment

A

Situation arising when an individual who would like to accept a job at the going wage rate is unable to find employment

101
Q

Keynesian School

A

Economists who believed that the macroeconomy could settle at an equilibrium that was below full employment

102
Q

Natural Rate of Output

A

The long-run equilibrium level of output to which monetarists believe the macroeconomy will always tend

103
Q

Natural Rate of Unemployment

A

The unemployment rate that will exist when the economy is in long-run equlibrium

104
Q

Real Balance Effect

A

An effect by which an increase in the average price level reduces purchasing power and thus the quantity of real output demanded

105
Q

Real Wage Inflexibility

A

An argument that if real wages do not adjust downwards the result would be persistent unemployment

106
Q

Seasonal Adjustment

A

A process by which seasonal fluctuations in a variable are smoothed to reveal the underlying trend

107
Q

Stagflation

A

A situation describing an economy in which unemployment and inflation are high at the same time

108
Q

Sustainable Development

A

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs

109
Q

Total Factor Productivity

A

The average productivity of all factors, measured as the total output divided by the total amount of inputs used

110
Q

Transmission Mechanism of Monetary Policy

A

The process by which a change in the bank rate affects inflation

111
Q

Voluntary Employment

A

A situation arising when an individual chooses not to accept a job at the going wage rate

112
Q

Workforce

A

People who are economically active - either employed or unemployed

Economics A-Level (10 decks)

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