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USA History > THEME 2: c - the New Deal > Flashcards

THEME 2: c - the New Deal Flashcards

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1
Q

What were Roosevelt’s THREE aims?

A

Relief, Recovery, Reform

to restore faith in the US economy

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2
Q

What did Roosevelt begin doing after 8 days of his presidency?

A

Fireside chats

  • he would explain his policies via RADIO
  • aided by his charismatic personality
  • his reassuring voice helped restore confidence & gave optimism
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3
Q

Was the New Deal planned or specified?

A

NO - there was no blueprint

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4
Q

What is meant by ‘The 100 Days’?

A

The first 100 days of Roosevelt’s presidency saw more legislation passed than any other previous time in history - most of the ND legislation

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5
Q

What emergency relief did Roosevelt establish?

A

1933: The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)
* $500 million to divide equally among states to provide unemployment relief
* Half $ given by FERA to the states
* Other half kept back (to give states $1 for every $3 of their own funds they spent on relief)

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6
Q

What were the issues with FERA?

A
  • Some states refused to comply

* It was insufficient for the scale of the problem - but it did set the precedent for future direct relief

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7
Q

What does relief mean?

A

Financial/practical help given to those in special need or difficulty

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8
Q

What does recovery mean?

A

A return to a normal state of economic strength

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9
Q

What does reform mean?

A

Governmental and economic restructuring and change

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10
Q

How many alphabet agencies were there in total?

A

16

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11
Q

What alphabet agency helped farmers?

A

The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) 1933

  • paid farmers to reduce their production of ‘staple’ items
  • corn, cotton, milk etc
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12
Q

What were the issues with the AAA?

A
  • Cotton prices still increased from 6.5c - 10c.
  • fields of food destroyed when many were hungry
  • contentious issues like the slaughter of 6 mil piglets
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13
Q

What were the aims of the TVA & how did they go about achieving them?

A

The Tennessee Valley Authority
* modernise the Tennessee Valley
* relief from poverty
HOW?
* harness the power of the river there (20 huge dams)
* develop welfare & educational programmes
* produce hydro-electric power

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14
Q

Which alphabets agency helped industry?

A

The National Industry Recover act (NIRA)

* set up: national recovery admin (NRA) & the public works admin (PWA) - later financed the Civil Works admin (CWA)

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15
Q

What did the NRA do?

A

(part of the NIRA)

  • firms were encouraged to accept codes of practice
  • codes regulated unfair competition (price cutting)
  • codes = working conditions & min wage
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16
Q

What problems did the NRA face?

A
  • codes turned out to be unworkable
  • big businesses didn’t comply
  • small ones couldn’t comply & put them at a disadvantage
  • if codes were followed, unions said they were insufficient for needs
17
Q

Did the work of the NRA help the economy?

A

NO

18
Q

What did the PWA do?

A
  • funded w/ $3.3 bil
  • purpose = ‘pump-priming’
  • hoped this would stimulate the economy
  • eventually put hundreds of thousands to work
19
Q

How successful was the PWA?

A

VERY -

  • employed hundreds of thousands
  • built nearly 13,000 schools
  • pumped billions into economy
  • responsible for massive public work schemes
20
Q

What did the CVA do?

A
  • aimed to create employment
  • got a $400 mil grant from PWA
  • ^ provide emergency unemployment relief
21
Q

Which two acts reformed the banking system?

A
  • The Emergency Banking Relief Act

* The Glass-Steagall Act

22
Q

What did the Emergency Banking Relief act do?

A
  • aim = restore faith in the banking system
  • close all banks for 4 days
  • gave the state power to investigate all banks threatened w/ collapse
  • authorised the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to buy stock, support & take on the debts of those failing banks
  • R. explained all this through his ‘fireside chats’ and $1 mil redeposited in banks by the people
23
Q

What did the Glass-Steagall Act do?

A
  • commercial banks banned from involvement in the type of investment banking which fuelled the 20s speculation
  • bank officials not allowed to take out personal loans from their bank
  • open-market operations (buying & selling gov securities) centralised by being transferred to the Federal Reserve Boards
  • individual depositors insured against bank failure
24
Q

How was the stock exchange regulated?

A

1933, The Truth-in-Securities Act
* brokers had to offer realistic info about the securities they were selling

1934, The Securities Act
* set up a commission tasked to oversee stock market activities & prevent fraud (bull pool)

25
Q

What alphabet agency targeted youth unemployment?

A

The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

  • unemployment among youth = huge issue
  • R. understood they needed a special programme
26
Q

What did the CCC do?

A
  • aimed to give them experience & training in community service & other skills essential for good citizens
  • put 17-24-year-olds at work in national forests, parks & public lands
  • by 1935, 500,000 employed
  • 4 mil man-hours spent fighting forest fires & planted 1.3 bil trees
27
Q

What opposition did Roosevelt face from the right?

A
  • many who supported him as the saviour of capitalism now turned against him as taxes were too high & he was doing too much (Republicans & conservative Democrats)
  • The Liberty Leaguers: promoted private property & enterprise unregulated by law
28
Q

How much of a threat was opposition from the right to Roosevelt?

A

INSIGNIFICANT - they had little impact
* The Liberty Leaguers disbanded after R’s victory in the 1936 election

However, a lack of support from big businesses and upsetting conservative congressmen could risk R’s popularity

29
Q

What opposition did Roosevelt face from the left?

A
  • End Poverty In California (Sinclair)
  • ‘Share our Wealth’ (Huey Long)
  • Old Age Revolving Pension (Townsend)
  • Farther Charles Coughlin - radio programme
  • Thunder on the left
30
Q

Who was Huey Long and the ‘share our wealth’ campaign?

A

Senator from Louisiana

  • all private fortunes over $3 mil should be confiscated
  • that money should be redistributed so every family can buy a house, a car & a radio
  • old-age state pensions & minimum wage
31
Q

How prominent was Huey Long & his ideas?

A
  • had a big following: ‘share our wealth’ clubs grew to approx. 27,000 & had 4 - 5 mil followers
  • very popular - Roosevelt was concerned about his prominence in the 1936 election (he could’ve won)
  • assassinated in 1935 - no longer a threat
32
Q

Who was Francis Townsend?

A
  • a retired doctor
  • advocated for old-age pensions
  • 60+ unemployed should be given $200 per month
  • all of this should be spent not saved
  • hoped this would boost consumption & free up jobs for the young
33
Q

How prominent was Francis Townsend & his ideas?

A
  • his clubs had 500,000 members
  • Congress was being lobbied to put the plan into action
  • so, his support was taken seriously however, soon it was realised these measures were IMPRACTICAL
    (pensions would have amounted to 50% of national income)
34
Q

What was the impact of the opposition?

A
  • R. learnt the mood of the country
  • He began preparing a second new deal that was influenced by demands from radical politicians & the opposition from big businesses
    ( he tried to appease the right & left)
35
Q

What did the Indian Reorganisation Act do? (1934)

A
  • got rid of assimilation
  • tribes reorganised into self-governing bodies (vote, police, justice system)
  • allowed them to control land sales on the reservations
  • new tribal corps established to manage resources
36
Q

What opposition did this act face?

A
  • Collier accused it of encouraging Native Americans to ‘go back to the blanket’
  • felt a return to tribal traditions was a backwards movement
  • argued they needed assimilation to proper in society

USA History (10 decks)

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