Theme 1A - Neuro Anatomy Flashcards by Sean Phelan

label the cerebellum 4

Vermis
Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe
Flocculonodular lobe

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label the basal ganglia 4

Head of caudate
Body of caudate
Tail of caudate
Lentiform nucleus

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3 main functions of cerebellum

Control of posture
Coordinating and planning limb movements
Control of eye movements

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What makes up the scalp and what innervates it?

Skin
Connective Tissue
Aponeurotic layer
Loose connective tissue
Pericranuim

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3 layers on meninges

Dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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What are the two layers of the dura mater and what do they line?

Meningeal - brain and spinal cord

Enosteal - skull

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Blood supply and innervation to dura mater

CN V, X

MMA

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The meningeal layer of the dura mater divides the brain what are these and what do they divide?

falx cerebri – separates cerebral hemispheres

tentorium cerebelli – separates cerebellar hemispheres from cerebral hemispheres

falx cerebelli – separates cerebellar hemispheres

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What type of haetoma is damage to the MMA likely to cause?

Extradural

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Leptomeningitis is an infection and inflammation of what meninges?

Arachnoid and pia

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Where do the dural sinuses drain into?

Internal jugular vein

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What two main arteries supply the brain?

Internal Carotid

Vertebral

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Label the circle of Willis 6

Anterior communicating artery
an. cerebral artery
Internal carotid artery
posterior communicating artery
posterior cerebral artery
basilar artery

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Which cerebral areas supply which area of the brain?

The anterior cerebral supplying the medial and superior surfaces of the brain and frontal pole.

The middle cerebral supplying the lateral surfaces and temporal pole

The posterior cerebral supplying the inferior surfaces and occipital pole.

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What are the three major projection in the nasal cavity and what is their function?

Sup, Mid and Inferior conchae

Warm and moisten the air

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Label the bones of the orbit

Frontal
Zygomatic
Sphenoid
Pallatine
Ethmoid
Lacrimal
Maxilla

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What are the 3 layers of the eye?

Outer - fibrous sclera and cornea
Vascular - iris
Inner - retina

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Label the extra occular muscles and their associated movements

Sup rectus
Inf rectus
Lat rectus
Med rectus
Inf oblique 
Sup oblique

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What are the 4 cranial nerves associated with the eyes and what do they do?

II - Optic
III - Occulomotor (except lateral and sup oblique)
IV - trochelar - sup oblique
VI - Abducents - lateral rectus

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What cranial nerve is associated with crying?

CN VII facial

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Draw and label
occiptofrontalis
Orbicularis oculi
Orbicularis oris
Buccinator
Platysma
Zygomaticus major

See grays 904

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What nerve provides cutaneous innervation and motor supply to facial muscles

V - trigeminal is cutaneous

VII - facial is motor

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What are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve?

V1 - Opthalmic
V2 - Maxillary
V3 - Mandibular

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What are the motor branches of CN VII facial? Draw them

Posterior auricular,
temporal
Zygomatic
buccal
Marginal mandibular
cervical

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Other than motor function what else does VII facial nerve supply?

anterior 2/3 taste on tongue | Parasympathetic branch to pterygopalatine ganglion

Via what does CN VII facial travel to supply tongue?

chorda tympani

What are the 3 saliivary glands in the head and what is the largest?

Parotid - largest submandibular sublingual

Where does the paarotid gland lie in relation to muscle?

Superficial to muscle

What nerves and vessels pass through the parotid gland?

External carotid artery The retromandibular vein Facial nerve

What are the 4 muscles of mastication and what supplies them?

``` Temproalis Masseter Medial Pterygoid- Lateral Pterygoid- Motor branch of V3 ```

What are the 3 branches of the opthalmic nerve?

Lacrimal nasocillary frontal

What are the 3 branches of the maxillary nerve?

Infraorbital zygomaticofacial zygomaticotemporal

5 sensory branches of mandibular nerve?

``` auriculotemporal buccal mental lingual inferior alveolar ```

What 2 things does the temporal fossa contain?

temporalis muscle | , branches of V2

What 3 nerves are contained in the infratemporal fossa?

, V3, branches of facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve

Label the arterial supply to the face (5)

``` External carotid Lingual Facial Maxillary Superficial temporal ```

Label the venous drainage to of the face

Internal jugular vein External jugular vein facial vein superficial temporal vein

5 muscles of the tongue?

``` Genioglossus Hyoglossus Styloglossus Platoglossus Intrinsic ```

What movements do these muscles of the tongue perfom?

Genioglossus - protrudes and depresses Hyoglossus - depresses Styloglossus - retracts Platoglossus - elevates back and depresses palate

Label the muscles of the tongue

Genio Hyo Stylo Plato

What nerves supply taste sensation to the tongue?

Anterior 2/3 (oral) supplied by lingual (V3) which then goes via chorda tympani to facial nerve VII Posterior 1/3 by glossopharangel nerve IX

What supplies sensation to the tongue?

Anterior 2/3 - lingual nerve V3 | Posterior 1/3 - glossopharangeal IX

What is the motor supply to the tongue?

Hypoglossal XII | Except platoglossus X

What are the cranial nerves?

``` Opthalmic Optic Occulomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducent Facial Vestibulocochlear glossopharangeal Vagus Accessory Hypoglossal ```

What nerves are associated with salivation?

IX glossopharangeal - parotid gland | VII facial - all other salivary glands

a protective sphincter for the air passages and produces phonation best describes what organ?

Larynx

What 5 cartilages make up the larynx?

``` hyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, cuneiform, corniculate epiglottis. ```

What are the 3 sections of the pharnyx?

Nasopharynx Laryngopharynx Oropharynx

Two functions of neck fascia?

Important as reduces the spread of infection Enables structures to move past each other in movement and swallowing etc.

Draw and label the 4 types of fascia in the neck

Pretracheal Carotid sheath Investing Prevertebral

3 things contained within the carotid sheath?

``` Common and internal carotid arteries. Internal jugular vein. Vagus nerve (CN 10). ```

What divides the anterior and lateral compartments of the neck?

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

What are the triangles of the anterior compartment of the neck?

``` the unpaired submental triangle, the paired submandibular, carotid and muscular triangle. ```

Label the anterior triangles of the neck

``` the unpaired submental triangle, the paired submandibular, carotid and muscular triangle. ```

Label the muscles that border the triangles in the neck

Trapezius sternocleidomastoid Omohyoid Digastric

Draw the triangles in the lateral compartment of the neck

Occipital triangle | omoclavicular triangle

3 Key structures within submandibular triangle

submandibular gland, facial artery and vein.

5 Key structures within the carotid triangle

``` common carotid artery, IJV, hypoglossal nerve, vagus nerve, accessory nerve. ```

What 2 muscle groups are contained within the muscular triangle?

Suprahyoid | Infrahyoid muscles

What 4 muscles make up the syprahyoid muscles?

Stylohyoid, digastric, mylohyoid geniohyoid

Label 4 the infrahyoid muscles

Omohyoid sternohyoid, thyrohyoid, sternothyroid

What 3 muscles bound the posterior triangle?

Trapezius Omohyoid Sternocleinomastoid

5 key structures within posterior triangle?

``` subclavian artery, EJV, brachial plexus, CN 11, cervical plexus ```

6 branches of external carotid artery

``` Superior thyroid ascending pharyngeal lingual facial maxillary superficial temporal ```

2 muscles supplied by the accessory nerve

Trapeius | SCM

Where does the spinal cord end?

What attaches the cauda equina to the sacrum?

Terminal filum

What is the significance of the cervical and lumbrosacral enlargements?

Innervation to upper and lower limbs

What are the inner and outer core of spinal cord made up of?

Inner core - grey matter | Outer core - white matter

What are the different horns of the spinal cord?

Doresal Lateral - thoracic only Ventral

What do the different horns in the spinal coed do?

Dorsal - sensory Lateral - sympathetic (thoracic only) Ventral - motor

Where in the spinal cord are the lateral horns of the inner core located?

Thoracic region only

How are the white matter tracts organised in the spinal cord?

Dorsal - ascending Lateral - both Ventral - decending

What are the three neurons that make up the ascending white matter tract in the spinal cord?

1st order 2nd order 3rd order

What do the three orders of neurons in the ascending spinal tract do?

1st - sensory r spinal cord via dorsal root ganglion 2nd - ascends spinal cord/brainstem 3rd - projects to the cerebral cortex

What type of information is conveyed in the dorsal medial lemniscus pathway?

Fine touch and proprioception

On what side of the dorsal column do the first order neurons ascend and do they cross?

Same side as they entered | Uncrossed

Were do first order neurons of the dorsal medial lemniscus pathway synapse on second order neurons?

Medulla

What are the two divisions of the ascending tracts in the spinal cord and where do they terminate?

Fasciculus gracilis in nucleus gracilis | Fasciculus cuneatus in nucleus cuneatus

The nucleus gracilis and cuneatus contain information from where?

gracilis - lower limb | cuneatus - upper limb

Where do second order neurons go from/to in dorsal-medial lemiscius pathway?

nucleus gracilis and cuneatus corss in the medulla synapse with third order neurons in the thalamus

Where do third order neurons go from/to?

Thalamus to somatosensory cortex

What type of information is relayed by the spinothalamic tract?

Pain Temperature Crude touch

Where do first order neurons of the spinalthalmic tract synapse and what do they form?

Dorsal horn | Tract of Lasseaur

Where do second order neurons of the spinothalamic tract cross and what do they ascend via and go to|||||

Cross in the dorsal horn at each level Ascend via anterolateral column Go to thalamus

What information is relayed by the spinocerebellar tract?

Unconscious muscle proprioception

How many neurons make up the spinocerebellar tract and do they cross?

2 neurons only | remain uncrossed

Where do first order neurons of the posterior spinocerebellar tract synapse?

dorsal horn

In what column do second order neurons of the spinocerebellar tract ascend?

lateral column

What type of information is relayed by the descending corticospinal tract?

Voluntary motor

What neurons make up the corticospinal tract and where do they synapse?

Primary motor neuron Lower motor neuron synapse in ventral

The Pyramidial tract forms part of what tract?

Corticospinal tract

5 stages of the pyramidial tract

``` Primary motor cortex Cerebral pundicle Pons pyramids of medulla lateral/anterior corticospinal tract ```

What percentage of the primary motor neurons cross over and where?

80% cross in Pyramids of deccussation in medulla

In what tracts do the primary motor neurons descend?

80% lateral corticospinal tract | 20% anterior corticospional tract