Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL243 > Theme 1A > Flashcards

Theme 1A Flashcards

1
Q

Genetics

A

study of heredity and variation in cells, individuals, & populations

study of genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Gene

A

functional unit of heredity and variation

DNA sequence involved in making RNA & protein

found on chromosomes & part of the genome that encodes for RNA & protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Molecular Genetics

A

study of structure and function of genes at the molecular level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Allele

A

variant forms of a gene caused by differences in DNA sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Genotype

A

gene(s) inherited by an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Phenotype

A

visible traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Genome

A

entire DNA sequence (ACGT) of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Gene Expression

A

“turning on” a gene to produce RNA & protein (coding gene)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

RNA can be _________ & __________

A

coding & noncoding

coding = mRNA - only one that makes protein

non-coding = tRNA & rRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Gene Expression Diagram

A

slide 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Protein Expression

A

the type & abundance of proteins in the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The protein ultimately determines the phenotype of the cell because…

A

they control every reaction in the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Enzymes

A

proteins catalyzing the synthesis and transformation of all biomolecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Avery, MacLeod, & McCarthy (Classical Experiment)

What was the hypothesis, experimental approach, and conclusion?

A

Hypothesis: transforming principle could be protein, DNA, or RNA

Experimental Approach: eliminate each type of molecule in S cells and see whether transformation of R cells into S virulent form still occurs

Conclusion: if type of molecule is absent, and transformation is gone, then this molecule is the transforming principle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Structure Proteins

A

maintenance of cell shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Signaling Proteins

A

hormones and receptors

12
Q

Why is genetics important?

A

human health
forensics
agriculture
environment
evolutionary biology

13
Q

Griffith - Classical Experiment

A

found a substance that could genetically transform Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumonia causing bacteria in mammals)

Conclusion: some molecules (Transforming principle) released when S cells were killed could transform R cells genetically to the virulent S form; transformation was permanent and heritable

13
Q

What are two things responsible for phenotypic variation

A

Different alleles (variation in gene sequence results in changes in aa sequence of proteins) and differential regulation of gene and protein expression (how much gene is being turned on/off)

13
Q

What are 3 classical experiments that led to estabilishing DNA as a hereditary molecule?

A
  1. Griffith
  2. Avery, MacLeod & McCarthy
  3. Hershey and Chase
13
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Smooth Strain (S):
Rough Strain (R):

A

(Griffith) bacterial pathogen causing pneumonia in mammals

S: bacterium surrounded by a polysaccharide capsule - filmy sugary layer; protected by capsule from immune system, which allows for infection, therefore virulent

R: lacks polysaccharide capsule, cannot evade immune system, therefore non-virulent

14
Q

Avery, MacLeod, & McCarthy (Classical Experiment)

What was the experiment?

A

Enzymes that destroyed RNA (rnase), proteins (protease), and DNA (dnase) were added to cell extract/cytoplasm of heat-killed S cells. If the R cells did not transform into the S virulent form when a molecule was removed, then that molecule was the transforming principle.

  • No transformation occurred when DNA was destroyed, making DNA the transforming principle
15
Q

Life Cycle of a Virus (Lytic Cycle)

A
  • massive reproduction of virus resulting in host cell lysis (virulent - harmful to host)
  • viral DNA replicated seperately from bacterial chromosome
16
Q

Life Cycle of a Virus (Lysogenic Cycle)

A
  • replication of viral genome (latent)
  • viral DNA is integrated into the bacterial chromosome
  • life long infection that can only be controlled
  • asymptomatic
17
Q

When can lysogeny switch to lytic cycle?

A

If viral DNA is excised from bacterial chromosome

18
Q

Hershey and Chase (Classical Experiment)

A

determining if bacteriophage injects DNA or protein into E.coli

  • label bacteriophage DNA & proteins with radioactive isotope 32P and 35S, respectively
  • allow infection of E.coli with bacteriphage
  • separate attached bacteriophage and E.coli with a blender
  • assay presence of 32P (DNA) and 35S (protein) in detached bacteriophage, E. coli cells, and progeny bacteriophage (done in lytic phase - not shown)

Results:
- no 35S in E.coli cells & progeny bacteriphage; found in detached bacteriophage; not HERITABLE

  • 32P found in E.coli cells and progeny bacteriophage; none in detached bacteriophage; HERITABLE
19
Q

Hershey & Chase

What would you expect to see if it was done in lysogeny?

A

not sure

BIOL243 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions