Theme 1 : Population Flashcards
Define Overpopulation
when the number of population is higher than the resources available
Define Underpopulation
when the number of population is lower then the resources available
Define Optimum Population
When the number of population is equal to the resources available
Define Birth Rate
average number of live births in a year for every 1000 people
Define Death Rate
average number of deaths for every 1000 people
Formula for Natural Increase of a Country
birth rate minus death rate
Define Life Expectancy
average number of years a person is expected to live
Define Population Density
number of people living per /sq km
Define Population Distribution
number of people scattered/or living in a place
10 Causes of Overpopulation ( Name 5 )
- high birthrate / low death rate
- high fertility rate
- lack of family planning
- low level of education for women ( marry earlier )
- high infant mortality
- religious beliefs
- greater life expectancy
- urbanization
- no population policies
- more inflow of people due to migration
13 Causes of Underpopulation ( Name 6 )
- low birthrate / high birthrate
- low fertility rate
- increased family planning and access to contraception
- high level of education for women, allowing them to have careers and marry later
- low infant mortality
- limited religious beliefs related to number of children
- low life expectancy
- unstable governments / underdeveloped country
- more migration out of area / less migration to area
- wars
- policies to control population have been enforced
- less poverty, reducing need for more children
- extreme weather
7 Impacts of Over Population ( Name 4 )
- lack of water, sanitization, housing, and food
- high crime rate and poverty
- unemployment
- increased pressure on health, education, water, and sanitization
- soil erosion, deforestation
- lack of resources / inflation
- more air, water and noise pollution, shortage of housing, traffic congestions
7 Impacts of Underpopulation ( Name 4 )
- more ageing population, more people in retirement
- low crime rate
- shortage of workers
- no pressure on health and education, costs increase as population ages
- few people paying taxes, lack of government income
- resources are not fully used, reducing potential
- lack of services due to low demand
How to calculate Natural Population Change
birth rate - death rate
Define Immigrants
people who arrive in a country to live there permanently
Define Emigrants
people who leave the country to live in another country permanently
How to Calculate Net Migration
number of immigrants - the number of emigrants
Define Internal Migration
when people move from one place to another within the country
Define International Migration
when people move from one country to another, involves the crossing a country’s border
Define Temporary Migration
when people stay in an area for a limited time
Define Permanent Migration
when people move and never return home
Define Involuntary / Forced Migration
when people are forced to move
Define Voluntary Migration
when people choose to move
Define Refugees
a person who has been forced to leave their home and their country due to a natural disaster, war, religious or political persecution
Define Asylum Seekers
someone seeking refuge (residency) in a foreign country because their life is in danger in their home country
Define Push Factors
reasons for people to move away from their home country
Define Pull Factors
factors that attract migrants to their destination
16 Push Factors ( Name 8 )
- unemployment
- war
- pollution and congestion
- bad weather
- high crime rates
- poor education and healthcare
- poor housing
- famine
- drought
- inaccessibility
- low paid jobs
- no electricity
- poor water supply
- frequent natural disasters
- poor transport
12 Pull Factors ( Name 6 )
- more job opportunities
- better salary
- good health and education services
- peaceful and safe
- friends and family may already live there / closer to relatives
- citizenship
- higher standard of living
- freedom of speech
- fewer hazards
- better paid jobs
- good electricity / water supply
- good transport
8 Advantages of Migration on Country of Origin ( Name 5 )
- less pressure on healthcare
- decline in birth rate
- migrants come back with new skills
- money is sent back to country
- more job opportunities, unemployment decreases
- decreases traffic congestion and pollution
- increased quality of education and healthcare
- more resources for country
7 Disadvantages of Migration on Country of Origin ( Name 5 )
- labour force reduced
- educated labour leaves country
- division of families
- left elderly population, less income
- tax increase
- more ageing population
- depopulation in rural areas affects agriculture
5 Advantages of Migration on Country of Destination
- overcomes labour shortages
- brings expertise to country / more skilled workers
- cultural diversity
- may work long hours for lower salary
- boosts local economy
6 Disadvantages of Migration on Country of Destination ( Name 5 )
- competition for jobs
- more pressure on healthcare, education and other services
- traffic congestion
- less religious amenities for immigrants
- discrimination and racial problems
- increased pollution
7 Advantages of Migration On Migrants ( Name 5 )
- more job opportunities
- better salary, more access to goods / services
- better access to education / healthcare
- higher pay
- higher standard of living
- can send money to family back home
- better quality of life
6 Disadvantages of Migration on Migrants ( Name 5 )
- culture shocks, racism and discrimination
- difficulty in finding housing
- language barriers
- different cultures are hard to integrate
- separated from friends / family
- higher cost of living
- not used to weather conditions
- visa issues
Define Young Dependents
from age group of 0-14 years of age and can’t earn money as they are in school. they rely on working population.
Define Working Population
from age group of 15-59, they earn money for themselves, the old dependance and young dependance
Define Old Dependents
from age group of 60+ years and can’t earn money as they are retired so they rely on the working population
Define Population Pyramid
a type of graph that shows the age and sex structure of the country; the distribution of age, sex, and population of different countries is known as population structure and is represented on a population pyramid
What do Concave Sides on Population Pyramids imply
can indicate low life expectancy and very high death rate. this is because few individuals survive to move from one cohort to another
What does a Wide Base on Population Pyramids imply
indicates a relatively high birth rate but low life expectancy. as a result, the pyramid narrows rapidly because a large number of those born are not surviving to reach an older age group
What do Perpendicular Sides on Population Pyramids imply
tells us that majority of those born, survive to an old age. this indicates a middle- or high-income country
Define Population Density
number of people per unit of area (typically per kilometre square)
Define Sparsely Populated
an area with low population density
Define Densely Populated
an area with high population density
6 Physical Factors that Influence a Sparse Population
- harsh areas; mountainous or uneven relief
- extreme / harsh climates and bad weather
- high risk of flooding
- infertile soil
- locations with frequent natural disasters
- no water supplies
6 Physical Factors that Influence a Dense Population
- flat relief
- favorable climates and good weather
- availability of natural resources for industry and manufacturing
- fertile land for crops
- no / few natural disasters
- good water supply
4 Economic Factors that Influence a Sparse Population
- no economic opportunities
- no infrastructure
- no transport routes
- bad communication
4 Economic Factors that Influence a Dense Population
- many job opportunities
- good infrastructure
- many transport routes to travel easily
- good communication
4 Political Factors that Influence a Sparse Population
- government corruption
- poor public services ( healthcare, education, etc. )
- civil war
- low birth rate / high death rate
4 Political Factors that Influence a Dense Population
- reliable and stable government
- good public services
- no threats or wars
- high birth rate / low death rate
